The geology and geophysics of Kuiper Belt object (486958) Arrokoth

The Cold Classical Kuiper Belt, a class of small bodies in undisturbed orbits beyond Neptune, are primitive objects preserving information about Solar System formation. The New Horizons spacecraft flew past one of these objects, the 36 km long contact binary (486958) Arrokoth (2014 MU69), in January 2019. Images from the flyby show that Arrokoth has no detectable rings, and no satellites (larger than 180 meters diameter) within a radius of 8000 km, and has a lightly-cratered smooth surface with complex geological features, unlike those on previously visited Solar System bodies. The density of impact craters indicates the surface dates from the formation of the Solar System. The two lobes of the contact binary have closely aligned poles and equators, constraining their accretion mechanism

Temperatura base para aparecimento de folhas e filocrono da variedade de milho BRS Missões Base temperature for leaf appearance and phyllochron of the BRS Missões maize variety

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a temperatura base para aparecimento de folhas e o filocrono em uma variedade de milho em várias datas de semeadura e dois anos de cultivo. Um experimento de campo foi realizado em Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), com sete datas de semeadura. Foi utilizada a variedade BRS Missões em dois anos agrícolas consecutivos (2005-06 e 2006-07). O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso com seis repetições. A parcela foi composta por três linhas de 5m de comprimento no espaçamento 0,8m x 0,21m. Em cada parcela, foram marcadas ao acaso três plantas na linha central nas quais foi realizada semanalmente a contagem do número de folhas completamente expandidas (NFE) e o total (NFT). A temperatura base variou entre épocas de semeadura de 4,5 a 12&deg;C, com média próxima de 8&deg;C, valor que foi usado no cálculo da soma térmica. O filocrono foi maior quando calculado com base no NFE do que com base no NFT e variou com a data de semeadura, de 50,0 a 69,9&deg;C dia folha-1 e de 39,6 a 59,8&deg;C dia folha-1, respectivamente, sendo o fotoperíodo uma possível causa da variação do filocrono entre épocas.<br>The objective of this study was to estimate the base temperature for leaf appearance and the phyllochron of a maize variety in several sowing dates and two growing seasons. A field experiment was conducted in Santa Maria, RS, with seven sowing dates using the BRS Missões variety in two growing seasons (2005-06 and 2006-07). The experimental design was a completely randomized blocks, with six replications. Plots were three 5 m rows in a 0.8m x 0.21m spacing. Three plants in the central row of each plot were randomly tagged, and the number of fully expanded leaves (NFE) and the number of leaf tips (NFT) were counted once a week on the tagged plants. The base temperature varied with sowing date from 4.5 to 12&deg;C and an average of about 8&deg;C was used to calculate thermal time. Phyllochron was higher when calculated on an NFE basis than on a NFT basis, and varied with sowing date from 50.0 to 69.9&deg;C day leaf-1 and from 39.6 to 59.8&deg;C day leaf-1, respectively, with photoperiod being a likely cause to explain the variation in the phyllochron with sowing date