Determinants and outcomes of motivation in health professions education: a systematic review based on self-determination theory

Purpose: This study aimed at conducting a systematic review in health professions education of determinants, mediators and outcomes of students’ motivation to engage in academic activities based on the self-determination theory’s perspective. Methods: A search was conducted across databases (MEDLINE, CINHAL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and ERIC databases), hand-search of relevant journals, grey literature, and published research profile of key authors. Quantitative and qualitative studies were included if they reported research in health professions education focused on determinants, mediators, and/or outcomes of motivation from the self-determination and if meeting the quality criteria. Results: A total of 17 studies met the inclusion and quality criteria. Articles retrieved came from diverse locations and mainly from medical education and to a lesser extent from psychology and dental education. Intrapersonal (gender and personality traits) and interpersonal determinants (academic conditions and lifestyle, qualitative method of selection, feedback, and an autonomy supportive learning climate) have been reported to have a positive influence on students’ motivation to engage in academic activities. No studies were found that tested mediation effects between determinants and students’ motivation. In turn, students’ self-determined motivation has been found to be positively associated with different cognitive, affective, and behavioural outcomes. Conclusion: This study has found that generally, motivation could be enhanced by changes in the educational environment and by an early detection of students’ characteristics. Doing so may support future health practitioners’ self-determined motivation and positively influence how they process information and their emotions and how they approach their learning activities

New York City High-Rises on Rock: Uncovering the Unknown Leads to Variable Foundation Solutions

Construction of high-rise towers in New York City continues to provide exciting challenges for design and construction teams. Sites are becoming increasingly more difficult to build on as “desirable” locations have long since been developed and developers are constructing on sites that were previously over looked. This paper describes two projects that provided unique challenges to the engineers and contractors. The first site is the New York Times Headquarters Tower. This site appeared to be a fairly straightforward foundation design, but became complicated as the subsurface conditions were uncovered. The second case history is the new Bank of America Tower which presented significant design challenges from the outset as it entailed a three basement excavation adjacent to subways and a historic theater façade that required protection. In both cases, close collaboration between the owner, design engineers, construction manager and eventual foundation contractors was required to complete the projects in a timely manner and without adversely affecting adjacent subways, pedestrian traffic, or adjacent historical structures

Times Square Redevelopment: A Below Grade View

The paper describes the design and construction of the foundations for two new high-rise structures in New York City (NYC). The sites are located in the heart of Times Square, bound by 42nd Street to the north, 41st Street to the south, and Broadway to the east. Below grade, active subways and subway stations abut the sites, extending as much as 50 feet into the property. The work involved the demolition of existing structures, excavation of debris and rock to depths exceeding 30 feet below grade, bracing adjacent subway structures around the site, installing high capacity caissons immediately adjacent to the deeper subways, and adapting existing foundations to accommodate the new building foundations. Of particular interest is the preservation of the adjacent historic New Amsterdam Theatre that included vibration and settlement monitoring during construction. Due to the unique site constraints, close collaboration of the Engineers with the Owner, Foundation Contractors, and New York City Transit (NYCT) was required. Innovative solutions for the foundation design were applied to accommodate several construction stages and allowed the projects to be completed without adversely affecting the subways, pedestrian traffic or the historic theatre. The projects received several awards, including the 2001 New York Association of Consulting Engineers (NYACE) Platinum Excellence Award in Geotechnical Engineering and Historical Preservation Plan, and the 2003 NYACE Gold Engineering Excellence Award

Stratigraphy and Whole-Rock Amino Acid Geochronology of Key Holocene and Last Interglacial Carbonate Deposits in the Hawaiian Islands

We evaluated the utility of whole-rock amino acid racemization as a method for the stratigraphic correlation and dating of carbonate sediments in the Hawaiian Islands. D-alloisoleucine/L-isoleucine (A/I) ratios were determined for carbonate sand and sandstone samples from 25 localities in the archipelago. The superposition of A/I ratios within stratigraphic sections and the regional concordance of ratios within geological formations support the integrity of the method. To correlate the A/I ratios with an absolute chronology, comparisons were made with previously published uranium series dates on corals and with 14C dates on carbonate sand and organic material, including several new dates reported herein. The A/I mean from four marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e U-series calibration sites was 0.505 ± 0.027 (n = 11), and 12 "test sites" of previously uncertain or speculative geochronological age yielded an A/I mean of 0.445 ± 0.058 (n = 17). Similarly, extensive Holocene dunes on Moloka'i and Kaua'i were correlated by a mean A/I ratio of 0.266 ± 0.022 (n = 8) and equated with a 14C bulk sediment mean age of 8600 yr B.P. Our results indicate that the eolian dunes currently exposed in various localities in the Islands originated primarily during two major periods of dune formation, the last interglacial (MIS 5e) and the early Holocene (MIS 1). MIS 5e and MIS 1 A/I ratios from the Hawaiian Islands show close agreement with previous whole-rock studies in Bermuda and the Bahamas. We discuss these results in terms of their relevance to models of lithospheric flexure and to imposing constraints on the time frame for the extinction of fossil birds

Upregulation of Isoflavonoids and Soluble Proteins in Edible Legumes by Light and Fungal Elicitor Treatments

Objective: In this study, our working hypothesis was that continuous light and fungal elicitation treatment of legume seedlings would lead to enhanced levels of isoflavonoids and soluble proteins. Results: Based on short-term light and dark treatments, isoflavonoid (genistein, genistin, daidzein, and daidzin) and soluble protein concentrations were significantly upregulated in the "light" environment compared to the "dark" environment for all edible legume species (kudzu vine, soybean, garbanzo bean, fava bean, mung bean, adzuki bean) that were tested. Kudzu seedlings showed the highest levels of both isoflavonoids and soluble proteins after light-elicited upregulation compared to the other legumes analyzed. All legumes showed less up-regulation of isoflavonoid synthesis when treated with Phytophtora sojae fungal elicitor. Oligosaccharide fungal elicitor caused no such upregulation. Conclusions: The findings in this study show that edible legume seedlings have enhanced levels of isoflavonoids and soluble proteins when they are grown in the light compared to the conventional practice of growing such seedlings in the dark. This will clearly result in significant improvement in their nutritive and medicinal value.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/63222/1/107555303765551598.pd

A Comparative Survey of Leguminous Plants as Sources of the Isoflavones, Genistein and Daidzein: Implications for Human Nutrition and Health

Over 80 taxa of mostly agriculturally important legumes were surveyed as sources of the metabolites, genistein and daidzein. Remarkably high concentrations (over 2 g · kg–1 dry weight) of the anticancer metabolite, genistein, were found in the leaves of Psoralea corylifolia (Indian bread root). All other legumes, with the exception of fermented soybean miso, had genistein levels <400 mg · kg–1 dry weight. Concentrations of over 1 g · kg–1 dry weight and 0.95 g · kg–1 dry weight of the anticancer metabolite, daidzein, were found in the stems of the fava bean (Vicia faba) and roots of kudzu vine (Pueraria lobata)' respectively. From this survey, our results indicate that the legumes, lupine (Lupinus spp.), fava bean, (Vicia faha), soybeans (Glycine max), kudzu (Pueraria lobata), and psoralea (Psoralea corylifolia), are excellent food sources for both genistein and daidzein. Miso, a fermented soybean product, is also a rich source of both isoflavones.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/63131/1/acm.1997.3.7.pd

Structure of the southern Keweenawan rift from COCORP surveys across the Midcontinent Geophysical Anomaly in northeastern Kansas

This is the published version. Copyright 1984 American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.COCORP profiling across the midcontinent geophysical anomaly in northeastern Kansas reveals structural basins and other features of the Precambrian Keweenawan rift buried beneath the Phanerozoic cover. The 40-km-wide main basin is asymmetric, with a maximum depth of 3 km on the east and 8 km on the west. The basin fill is characterized by a lower layered sequence of strong continuous west dipping reflectors which may be correlated with Middle Keweenawan interbedded volcanic and clastic rocks exposed along the MGA in the Lake Superior region. Overlying this layered sequence is a zone of weak, discontinuous reflectors correlated here with the predominantly clastic rocks characteristic of the Upper Keweenawan sequence near Lake Superior. A second tilted but shallower basin lies to the east of the main basin and appears to be filled predominantly with clastic sedimentary rocks. The character of the seismic data, the seismic velocity distribution, and gravity modeling suggest that mafic intrusions lie beneath the main rift basin. Normal faults associated with the rift dip at moderate angles to the east. Palinspastic reconstruction indicates that the rift basin formed by the rotation of fault bounded blocks during crustal extension. Although reactivation of preexisting structures appears to have occurred in many other rifts profiled by COCORP, the evidence is inconclusive on this point in the case of the Kansas data. The structures mapped by COCORP surveys in Kansas and elsewhere suggest that asymmetric sequences of layered reflectors are characteristic, and perhaps diagnostic, of rift basin deposits in general