Resource Upgrading in Advanced Supercritical Fluid (Supercritical Fluid with Catalyst and Cosolvent): Liquid Fuels from Biomass in Sub and Supercritical Water and Carbohydrate Up-Conversion in Ionic Liquid and Supercritical Fluids Mixtures

Liquid fuels from biomass and up-conversion of biomass in advanced supercritical fluid are reviewed in this chapter. Lignin can be converted into heavy hydrocarbons in subcritical water extraction. Lipid, which is triglyceride, is catalytically converted into straight-chain hydrocarbons of free fatty acid (decarboxylation) formed by hydrolysis. Carbohydrate is also hydrothermally converted into furan ring compound and fatty acids. Protein is converted into amino acids in hydrothermal water and depolymerization of protein is favored with rapid heating and denaturation agency such as alkaline earth metals. Free amino acids are further decomposed into carboxylic acid through deamination and into amine through decarboxylation. To inhibit Maillard reactions, which result in polymerization, the deamination of amino acid at low temperature was favored and a solid catalyst was quite active for deamination of free amino acids at quite low temperature hydrothermal water. Cellulose was dissolved in some ionic liquids with high mass percentages (5–20 wt%) and converted into monomers and useful components such as furan ring compounds and supercritical fluid cosolvent such as hydrothermal water in ionic liquids supported improvement of reaction efficiency. For hydrogenation of biomass, it was confirmed that hydrogen solubility was enhanced with supercritical carbon dioxide and it must be helpful for hydrogen reaction with biomass molecule

A novel technique for the measurement of the avalanche fluctuation of gaseous detectors

We have developed a novel technique for the measurement of the avalanche fluctuation of gaseous detectors using a UV laser. The technique is simple and requires a short data-taking time of about ten minutes. Furthermore, it is applicable for relatively low gas gains. Our experimental setup as well as the measurement principle, and the results obtained with a stack of Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs) operated in several gas mixtures are presented.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures. For the proceedings of VCI2016, to be published in Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res.

The biosynthetic pathway of potato solanidanes diverged from that of spirosolanes due to evolution of a dioxygenase

ジャガイモの毒α-ソラニンはトマトの苦味成分から分岐進化したことを解明. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2021-03-03.Potato (Solanum tuberosum), a worldwide major food crop, produces the toxic, bitter tasting solanidane glycoalkaloids α-solanine and α-chaconine. Controlling levels of glycoalkaloids is an important focus on potato breeding. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) contains a bitter spirosolane glycoalkaloid, α-tomatine. These glycoalkaloids are biosynthesized from cholesterol via a partly common pathway, although the mechanisms giving rise to the structural differences between solanidane and spirosolane remained elusive. Here we identify a 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase, designated as DPS (Dioxygenase for Potato Solanidane synthesis), that is a key enzyme for solanidane glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in potato. DPS catalyzes the ring-rearrangement from spirosolane to solanidane via C-16 hydroxylation. Evolutionary divergence of spirosolane-metabolizing dioxygenases contributes to the emergence of toxic solanidane glycoalkaloids in potato and the chemical diversity in Solanaceae

Magnetic and transport properties of CeT2Al10(T= Fe, Ru, Os) under pressure

The results of electrical resistivity ρ measurements for CeT2Al10 (T = Fe, Ru, Os) under pressure are reported. The abrupt increase was observed at T0 ~ 27 K for CeRu2Al10 and 29 K for CeOs2Al10 at ambient pressure. By applying pressure, T0 for CeRu2Al10 and CeOs2Al10 suddenly disappeared at 4 GPa and 2 GPa, respectively. Although the ground state of CeRu2Al10 is metal at ambient pressure, ρ at low temperatures increased and the ground state became semiconductor at 2 GPa. The increase in ρ suppressed above 3 GPa and the ground state became metal above 5 GPa. Magnetic contribution to CeRu2Al10 above 4 GPa shows maximum, which seems to be attributed to Kondo coherence. These systematical change in ρ(T) was also observed in CeFe2Al10 and CeOs2Al10. From the pressure dependence of the temperature of the maximum, we suggests that CeFe2Al10 and CeOs2Al10 is corresponding to 3.2 GPa and 1.3 GPa of CeRu2Al10

高校心理学導入に関する一研究 : 生徒及び教師の意識調査結果からの検討

本研究の目的は,高校心理学導入の是非に関する基礎資料の収集及び導入にあたっての課題を明確にすることにある。高校2年生252人(男子96人,女子156人)及び教員42人を対象に調査及び考察をおこない, 次の知見を得た。(1) 高校生は全体として高校心理学への関心を高く示し, とくに女子が積極的な関心を示した。(2) 高校生及び教員が, 高校心理学の内容として期待する領域は,高校生で1位心理検査, 2位コミュニケーション, 3位カウンセリングであり, 教員では1位メンタルヘルス, 2位コミュニケーション, 3位青年心理学であった。(3) 高校心理学の授業担当者として, 高校生及び教師のいずれもが臨床心理士による授業を望んだ。(4) 教師は, 高校心理学を新教科として設置すること, あるいは総合学習の授業時間を利用して教えることに関心を示した。これらの知見を受けてあえて提案するならば, 高校心理学は, 総合学習ないしは選択制教科として導入し, 現時点では現在配置されている臨床心理士であるスクールカウンセラーを授業担当者として活用することが一案として考えられる。The purpose of this study was to collect fundamental materials concerning the introduction of high school psychology and to elucidate any assignment for introduction. The subjects of this study were 252 second year high school students (96 boys, 156 girls) and 42 teachers. After analysis of their answers, the following considerations were made: (1) High school students were concerned about the introduction of high school psychology as a whole. Especially, girls were remarkable for their concern. (2) The aspects which high school students were most concerned with were ranked in the following order : 1. psychological assessment; 2. communication ; 3. counseling. The aspects for teachers were : 1. mental health ; 2. communication. (3) High school students and teachers wanted high school psychology taught by clinical psychologists. (4) Teachers were concerned about establishing high school psychology as an independent subject or taking advantage of periods for integrated study to teach high school psychology. Based upon the above considerations, we concluded that it would be appropriate to introduce high school psychology into a period for integrated study or as an elective subject through the use of school counselors