Global Transcriptional Analysis of Spontaneous Sakacin P-Resistant Mutant Strains of Listeria monocytogenes during Growth on Different Sugars

Subclass IIa bacteriocins have strong antilisterial activity and can control the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in food. However, L. monocytogenes may develop resistance towards such bacteriocins. In this follow-up study, the transcriptomes of a high level (L502-1) and a low level (L502-6) spontaneous sakacin P-resistant mutant strain of L. monocytogenes were compared to the wild-type (L502). The growth of the resistant strains was reduced on mannose but not affected on cellobiose and the transcriptomics was performed during growth on these sugars. The mannose phosphotransferase system (PTS) encoded by the mptACD operon (mpt) is known for transporting mannose and also act as a receptor to class IIa bacteriocins. The mpt was repressed in L502-1 and this is in accordance with abolition of the bacteriocin receptor with resistance to class IIa bacteriocins. In contrast, the mpt was induced in L502-6. Despite the induction of the mpt, L502-6 showed 1,000 times more resistance phenotype and reduced growth on mannose suggesting the mannose-PTS may not be functional in L502-6. The microarray data suggests the presence of other transcriptional responses that may be linked to the sakacin P resistance phenotype particularly in L502-6. Most of commonly regulated genes encode proteins involved in transport and energy metabolism. The resistant strains displayed shift in general carbon catabolite control possibly mediated by the mpt. Our data suggest that the resistant strains may have a reduced virulence potential. Growth sugar- and mutant-specific responses were also revealed. The two resistant strains also displayed difference in stability of the sakacin P resistance phenotype, growth in the presence of both the lytic bacteriophage P100 and activated charcoal. Taken together, the present study showed that a single time exposure to the class IIa bacteriocin sakacin P may elicit contrasting phenotypic and transcriptome responses in L. monocytogenes possibly through regulation of the mpt

Differences in susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes strains to sakacin P, sakacin A, pediocin PA-1, and nisin

Two hundred strains of Listeria monocytogenes collected from food and the food industry were analyzed for susceptibility to the class IIa bacteriocins sakacin P, sakacin A, and pediocin PA-1 and the class I bacteriocin nisin. The individual 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) were determined in a microtiter assay and expressed in nanograms per milliliter. The IC(50) of sakacin P ranged from 0.01 to 0.61 ng ml(−1). The corresponding values for pediocin PA-1, sakacin A, and nisin were 0.10 to 7.34, 0.16 to 44.2, and 2.2 to 781 ng ml(−1), respectively. The use of a large number of strains and the accuracy of the IC(50) determination revealed patterns not previously described, and for the first time it was shown that the IC(50) of sakacin P divided the L. monocytogenes strains into two distinct groups. Ten strains from each group were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole-cell proteins and amplified fragment length polymorphism. The results from these studies essentially confirmed the grouping based on the IC(50) of sakacin P. A high correlation was found between the IC(50) of sakacin P and that of pediocin PA-1 for the 200 strains. Surprisingly, the correlation between the IC(50) of the two class IIa bacteriocins sakacin A and sakacin P was lower than the correlation between the IC(50) of sakacin A and the class I bacteriocin nisin

Ligand-stabilized and atomically precise gold nanocluster catalysis: a case study for correlating fundamental electronic properties with catalysis

We present results from our investigations into correlating the styrene-oxidation catalysis of atomically precise mixed-ligand biicosahedral-structure [Au25(PPh3)10(SC12H25)5Cl2](2+) (Au25-bi) and thiol-stabilized icosahedral core-shell-structure [Au25(SCH2CH2Ph)18](-) (Au25-i) clusters with their electronic and atomic structure by using a combination of synchrotron radiation-based X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (XAFS) and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). Compared to bulk Au, XAFS revealed low Au-Au coordination, Au-Au bond contraction and higher d-band vacancies in both the ligand-stabilized Au clusters. The ligands were found not only to act as colloidal stabilizers, but also as d-band electron acceptor for Au atoms. Au25-bi clusters have a higher first-shell Au coordination number than Au25-i, whereas Au25-bi and Au25-i clusters have the same number of Au atoms. The UPS revealed a trend of narrower d-band width, with apparent d-band spin-orbit splitting and higher binding energy of d-band center position for Au25-bi and Au25-i. We propose that the differences in their d-band unoccupied state population are likely to be responsible for differences in their catalytic activity and selectivity. The findings reported herein help to understand the catalysis of atomically precise ligand-stabilized metal clusters by correlating their atomic or electronic properties with catalytic activity

Millifluidics for time-resolved mapping of the growth of gold nanostructures

Innovative in situ characterization tools are essential for understanding the reaction mechanisms leading to the growth of nanoscale materials. Though techniques, such as in situ transmission X-ray microscopy, fast single-particle spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, etc., are currently being developed, these tools are complex, not easily accessible, and do not necessarily provide the temporal resolution required to follow the formation of nanomaterials in real time. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the utility of a simple millifluidic chip for an in situ real time analysis of morphology and dimension-controlled growth of gold nano- and microstructures with a time resolution of 5 ms. The structures formed were characterized using synchrotron radiation-based in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, 3-D X-ray tomography, and high-resolution electron microscopy. These gold nanostructures were found to be catalytically active for conversion of 4-nitrophenol into 4-aminophenol, providing an example of the potential opportunities for time-resolved analysis of catalytic reactions. While the investigations reported here are focused on gold nanostructures, the technique can be applied to analyze the time-resolved growth of other types of nanostructured metals and metal oxides. With the ability to probe at least a 10-fold higher concentrations, in comparison with traditional microfluidics, the tool has potential to revolutionize a broad range of fields from catalysis, molecular analysis, biodefense, and molecular biology

Characterisation of an Antilisterial Bacteriocin Produced by Lactobacillus sakei CWBI-B1365 Isolated from Raw Poultry Meat and Determination of Factors Controlling its Production

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Millifluidics for Time-resolved Mapping of the Growth of Gold Nanostructures

Innovative <i>in situ</i> characterization tools are essential for understanding the reaction mechanisms leading to the growth of nanoscale materials. Though techniques, such as <i>in situ</i> transmission X-ray microscopy, fast single-particle spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, etc., are currently being developed, these tools are complex, not easily accessible, and do not necessarily provide the temporal resolution required to follow the formation of nanomaterials in real time. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the utility of a simple millifluidic chip for an <i>in situ</i> real time analysis of morphology and dimension-controlled growth of gold nano- and microstructures with a time resolution of 5 ms. The structures formed were characterized using synchrotron radiation-based <i>in situ</i> X-ray absorption spectroscopy, 3-D X-ray tomography, and high-resolution electron microscopy. These gold nanostructures were found to be catalytically active for conversion of 4-nitrophenol into 4-aminophenol, providing an example of the potential opportunities for time-resolved analysis of catalytic reactions. While the investigations reported here are focused on gold nanostructures, the technique can be applied to analyze the time-resolved growth of other types of nanostructured metals and metal oxides. With the ability to probe at least a 10-fold higher concentrations, in comparison with traditional microfluidics, the tool has potential to revolutionize a broad range of fields from catalysis, molecular analysis, biodefense, and molecular biology