Losing Lincoln: Black Educators, Historical Memory, and the Desegregation of Lincoln High School in Gainesville, Florida

In 1979 Nat Tillman, a Lincoln High School (LHS) alumnus and one of the Gainesville Sun\u27s first African-American columnists, penned an article advocating for the preservation of Lincoln\u27s history as a pioneer of black education in Florida. Tillman interviewed Eric Roberts, a member of Lincoln\u27s first graduating class of 1925 about why Lincoln\u27s history as a historically black high school deserved to be preserved. Like many of Florida\u27s black high schools closed during school integration efforts of the late 1960s and early 70s, Lincoln\u27s roots stretch back to Reconstruction. However, as Florida\u27s second accredited black high school, Roberts praised the educational leadership of Lincoln\u27s teachers, specifically longtime Principal A. Quinn Jones, as the key to Lincoln\u27s exceptional reputation during legalized segregation. Roberts\u27 memories of Lincoln as a respected local black institution read more like a eulogy, though, than an inspiring motivation for the school\u27s future. One decade earlier, in 1969, the Alachua County Board of Public Instruction ignored the impassioned pleas of Gainesville\u27s African-American community, and voted to close Gainesville\u27s only black high school as a means of achieving federal standards of desegregated education

The Words of Our Ancestors: Kinship, Tradition, and Moral Codes

In this paper we use the cross-cultural record to identify the behavioral rules of conduct, and the system supporting those rules, that are found in traditional societies, such as tribal societies. We then draw on the historical record to identify the behavioral rules of conduct, and the system supporting those rules that were found in the early state. The proposal tested here is that in traditional societies the behavioral rules of conduct and the systems that support them (e.g., processes for identifying guilt, punishing offenders, enacting legislation, preventing conflict) are aimed at promoting enduring, cooperative relationships among individuals who are identified as kin through common ancestry. The assumption underlying this proposal is that once human females increased their investment in offspring, cultural strategies to protect those offspring became more important. A moral system, which is the term we use to refer to the early system of behavioral codes, protected offspring by turning conspecific threats into the protectors, providers, and educators of children. It did this by creating a strong kinship system, the members of which were bound by common ancestry (actual or metaphorical), thus tying individuals into enduring, cooperative relationships by using culture to encourage them to honor ongoing duties to one another. This kinship-based moral system is significantly different from that found in societies in which the majority of interactions are with non-kin, interactions often center on the exchange of good and services, and traditions have largely been broken down. We refer to this second system as a system of law and argue that this distinction between moral and legal systems has implications for attempts to explain the evolutionary basis of human cooperation

Reconceptualizing the Human Social Niche: How It Came to Exist and How It Is Changing

In this paper we present a reconceptualization of the social dimension of the human niche and the evolutionary process that brought it into existence. We agree with many other evolutionary approaches that a key aspect of the human niche is a social environment consisting primarily of cooperating and altruistic individuals, not a Hobbesian social environment of “war of all against all.” However, in contrast to the conception of this social environment as consisting of individuals who, in Boyd and Richerson’s words, “cooperate with large groups of unrelated individuals,” we propose that it is more accurately described as consisting of cooperating individuals who currently are often nonkin but who, until relatively recently in human existence, were primarily, and in many cases almost exclusively, kin. In contrast to the conception of this social environment coming into existence by way of a process of selection within and between groups, we propose that it is the result of selection operating on traditions originated by ancestors and transmitted to their descendants. We use our fieldwork in three areas of the world (New Guinea, Ecuador, and Canada) to illustrate this process and how current social environments can be roughly placed on a continuum from traditional to nontraditional

Understanding career aspirations of Information Technology students at Deakin University

Students need to develop informed and realistic career aspirations to gain the most from their university studies towards their initial career development. However developing their aspirations, goals, and expectations is a complex process. In Information Technology (IT) no clear career development framework is evident in the literature. We present a pilot study which investigates the career aspirations of novice students studying IT at an Australian University. Through a series of career activities their aspirations were explored with the aim of improving support for career development. Results indicate that students have no clear short- or long- term aspirations, yet believe that programming skills are key to achieve a career in IT

Control of eating after bariatric surgery

Whilst bariatric surgery is an effective intervention for life-threatening obesity, a substantial proportion of patients will continue to struggle to control their eating after surgery. Food cravings – the intense desire for a specific food or food group – are a key trigger for maladaptive eating, and are related to external cues and internal mental imagery. However, there is little known about the phenomenological experience of food cravings in people who have received bariatric surgery, or if there are any differences between types of bariatric surgery. This study recruited 43 bariatric patients between one and ten years post-surgery who reported all food cravings experienced over the course of one week using critical incident analysis methodology, resulting in a dataset of 128 cravings. The experience of people with gastric banding versus restructuring surgeries were compared, and mixed-model analyses were used to identify key predictive factors for the intensity and the resistibility of food cravings. Two to four cravings were experienced weekly: most often preceded by thinking about the food, most frequently for savoury foods, occurring in the early afternoon and within the first two hours after a meal. The majority of cravings (75%) resulted in an eating episode. Days in which a craving occurred were characterised by greater hunger, irritability and lower eating control. People with restructuring surgeries rated cravings as stronger and more difficult to resist, and more often ate after the craving than people with gastric bands, but this is likely to be due to differences between sample. Participants identified internal sensory imagery as part of their craving experience, and external sensory cues (seeing, smelling and eating the craved food) best predicted craving intensity. It is hoped that this study will help bariatric surgery candidates, those living with surgery and their clinicians to understand and anticipate food cravings, and lead to the development of effective interventions

GLEN: General-Purpose Event Detection for Thousands of Types

The progress of event extraction research has been hindered by the absence of wide-coverage, large-scale datasets. To make event extraction systems more accessible, we build a general-purpose event detection dataset GLEN, which covers 205K event mentions with 3,465 different types, making it more than 20x larger in ontology than today's largest event dataset. GLEN is created by utilizing the DWD Overlay, which provides a mapping between Wikidata Qnodes and PropBank rolesets. This enables us to use the abundant existing annotation for PropBank as distant supervision. In addition, we also propose a new multi-stage event detection model CEDAR specifically designed to handle the large ontology size in GLEN. We show that our model exhibits superior performance compared to a range of baselines including InstructGPT. Finally, we perform error analysis and show that label noise is still the largest challenge for improving performance for this new dataset. Our dataset, code, and models are released at \url{https://github.com/ZQS1943/GLEN}.}Comment: Accepted to EMNLP 2023. The first two authors contributed equally. (16 pages

Problems, solutions, and strategies reported by users of TENS for chronic musculoskeletal pain: A qualitative exploration using patient interviews

BACKGROUND: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) could offer a non-drug form of pain relief, but there is no consensus regarding its effectiveness for chronic musculoskeletal pain or chronic low back pain. A recent review of previous trial methodology identified significant problems with low treatment fidelity. There is little information available to inform the development of a pragmatic implementation design for a TENS evaluation.OBJECTIVES: To explore the experiences of secondary care Pain Clinic patients with expertise in using TENS to manage chronic musculoskeletal pain. These key informants were selected as they had the potential to generate knowledge which could inform research design and clinical practice.DESIGN: A qualitative method using individual semi- Structured interviews with open questions was selected for its capacity to generate rich data.METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine patients (6 women). Thematic analysis was used as the primary data analysis method, and this was enhanced by a case level analysis of the context and processes of TENS use of each individual.FINDINGS: Data analysis indicated that patients learned to address a range of problems in order to optimise TENS use. Patients may need to personalise the positioning of electrodes, and the TENS settings, and to re-adjust these over time. Patients learned to use TENS in a strategic manner, and the outcomes of each strategy varied.CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated that a pragmatic TENS evaluation may need to incorporate a learning phase to allow patients to optimise this complex pattern of TENS usage, and evaluation may need to be sensitive to the outcomes of strategic use. These findings also have implications for clinical practice

Development and use of an instrument adapted to assess the clinical skills learning environment in the pre-clinical years

BACKGROUND: The Communication, Curriculum, and Culture (C3) instrument is a well-established survey for measuring the professional learning climate or hidden curriculum in the clinical years of medical school. However, few instruments exist for assessing professionalism in the pre-clinical years. We adapted the C3 instrument and assessed its utility during the pre-clinical years at two U.S. medical schools. METHODS: The ten-item Pre-Clinical C3 survey was adapted from the C3 instrument. Surveys were administered at the conclusion of the first and second years of medical school using a repeated cross-sectional design. Factor analysis was performed and Cronbach's alphas were calculated for emerging dimensions. RESULTS: The authors collected 458 and 564 surveys at two medical schools during AY06-07 and AY07-09 years, respectively. Factor analysis of the survey data revealed nine items in three dimensions: "Patients as Objects", "Talking Respectfully of Colleagues", and "Patient-Centered Behaviors". Reliability measures (Cronbach's alpha) for the Pre-Clinical C3 survey data were similar to those of the C3 survey for comparable dimensions for each school. Gender analysis revealed significant differences in all three dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: The Pre-Clinical C3 instrument's performance was similar to the C3 instrument in measuring dimensions of professionalism. As medical education moves toward earlier and more frequent clinical and inter-professional educational experiences, the Pre-Clinical C3 instrument may be especially useful in evaluating the impact of curricular revisions

The prevention of lower urinary tract symptoms (PLUS) research consortium: A transdisciplinary approach toward promoting bladder health and preventing lower urinary tract symptoms in women across the life course

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are highly prevalent in women, and are expected to impose a growing burden to individuals and society as the population ages. The predominance of research related to LUTS has focused on underlying pathology, disease mechanisms, or the efficacy of treatments for women with LUTS. Although this research has been vital for helping to reduce or ameliorate LUTS conditions, it has done little to prevent the onset of LUTS. Health promotion and prevention require an expansion of scientific inquiry beyond the traditional paradigm of studying disease mechanisms and treatment to the creation of an evidence base to support recommendations for bladder health promotion and, in turn, prevention of LUTS. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) introduced the concept of prevention as an important priority for women's urologic research as a prelude to supporting the formation of the Prevention of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (PLUS) research consortium. In this article, we introduce the PLUS research consortium to the scientific community; share the innovative paradigms by which the consortium operates; and describe its unique research mission: to identify factors that promote bladder health across the life course and prevent the onset of LUTS in girls and women