204 research outputs found

    Suitability of skin integrity tests for dermal absorption studies in vitro

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    AbstractSkin absorption testing in vitro is a regulatory accepted alternative method (OECD Guideline 428). Different tests can be applied to evaluate the integrity of the skin samples. Here, we compared the pre- or post-run integrity tests (transepidermal electrical resistance, TEER; transepidermal water loss, TEWL; absorption of the reference compounds water, TWF, or methylene blue, BLUE) and additionally focused on co-absorption of a 3H-labeled internal reference standard (ISTD) as integrity parameter. The results were correlated to absorption profiles of various test compounds. Limit values of 2kΩ, 10gm−2h−1 and 4.5∗10−3cmh−1 for the standard methods TEER, TEWL and TWF, respectively, allowed distinguishing between impaired and intact human skin samples in general. Single skin samples did, however, not, poorly and even inversely correlate with the test-compound absorption. In contrast, results with ISTD (e.g. 3H-testosterone) were highly correlated to the absorption of 14C-labeled test compounds. Importantly, ISTD did not influence analytics or absorption of test compounds. Therefore, ISTD, especially when adjusted to the physico-chemical properties of test compounds, is a promising concept to assess the integrity of skin samples during the whole course of absorption experiments. However, a historical control dataset is yet necessary for a potential routine application

    Multidifferential study of identified charged hadron distributions in ZZ-tagged jets in proton-proton collisions at s=\sqrt{s}=13 TeV

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    Jet fragmentation functions are measured for the first time in proton-proton collisions for charged pions, kaons, and protons within jets recoiling against a ZZ boson. The charged-hadron distributions are studied longitudinally and transversely to the jet direction for jets with transverse momentum 20 <pT<100< p_{\textrm{T}} < 100 GeV and in the pseudorapidity range 2.5<η<42.5 < \eta < 4. The data sample was collected with the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.64 fb−1^{-1}. Triple differential distributions as a function of the hadron longitudinal momentum fraction, hadron transverse momentum, and jet transverse momentum are also measured for the first time. This helps constrain transverse-momentum-dependent fragmentation functions. Differences in the shapes and magnitudes of the measured distributions for the different hadron species provide insights into the hadronization process for jets predominantly initiated by light quarks.Comment: All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-013.html (LHCb public pages

    Study of the B−→Λc+Λˉc−K−B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-} decay

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    The decay B−→Λc+Λˉc−K−B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-} is studied in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of s=13\sqrt{s}=13 TeV using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 fb−1\mathrm{fb}^{-1} collected by the LHCb experiment. In the Λc+K−\Lambda_{c}^+ K^{-} system, the Ξc(2930)0\Xi_{c}(2930)^{0} state observed at the BaBar and Belle experiments is resolved into two narrower states, Ξc(2923)0\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0} and Ξc(2939)0\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}, whose masses and widths are measured to be m(Ξc(2923)0)=2924.5±0.4±1.1 MeV,m(Ξc(2939)0)=2938.5±0.9±2.3 MeV,Γ(Ξc(2923)0)=0004.8±0.9±1.5 MeV,Γ(Ξc(2939)0)=0011.0±1.9±7.5 MeV, m(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = 2924.5 \pm 0.4 \pm 1.1 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ m(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = 2938.5 \pm 0.9 \pm 2.3 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = \phantom{000}4.8 \pm 0.9 \pm 1.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},\\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = \phantom{00}11.0 \pm 1.9 \pm 7.5 \,\mathrm{MeV}, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. The results are consistent with a previous LHCb measurement using a prompt Λc+K−\Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-} sample. Evidence of a new Ξc(2880)0\Xi_{c}(2880)^{0} state is found with a local significance of 3.8 σ3.8\,\sigma, whose mass and width are measured to be 2881.8±3.1±8.5 MeV2881.8 \pm 3.1 \pm 8.5\,\mathrm{MeV} and 12.4±5.3±5.8 MeV12.4 \pm 5.3 \pm 5.8 \,\mathrm{MeV}, respectively. In addition, evidence of a new decay mode Ξc(2790)0→Λc+K−\Xi_{c}(2790)^{0} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-} is found with a significance of 3.7 σ3.7\,\sigma. The relative branching fraction of B−→Λc+Λˉc−K−B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-} with respect to the B−→D+D−K−B^{-} \to D^{+} D^{-} K^{-} decay is measured to be 2.36±0.11±0.22±0.252.36 \pm 0.11 \pm 0.22 \pm 0.25, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third originates from the branching fractions of charm hadron decays.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-028.html (LHCb public pages

    Measurement of the ratios of branching fractions R(D∗)\mathcal{R}(D^{*}) and R(D0)\mathcal{R}(D^{0})

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    The ratios of branching fractions R(D∗)≡B(Bˉ→D∗τ−Μˉτ)/B(Bˉ→D∗Ό−ΜˉΌ)\mathcal{R}(D^{*})\equiv\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu}) and R(D0)≡B(B−→D0τ−Μˉτ)/B(B−→D0Ό−ΜˉΌ)\mathcal{R}(D^{0})\equiv\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu}) are measured, assuming isospin symmetry, using a sample of proton-proton collision data corresponding to 3.0 fb−1{ }^{-1} of integrated luminosity recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2011 and 2012. The tau lepton is identified in the decay mode τ−→Ό−ΜτΜˉΌ\tau^{-}\to\mu^{-}\nu_{\tau}\bar{\nu}_{\mu}. The measured values are R(D∗)=0.281±0.018±0.024\mathcal{R}(D^{*})=0.281\pm0.018\pm0.024 and R(D0)=0.441±0.060±0.066\mathcal{R}(D^{0})=0.441\pm0.060\pm0.066, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The correlation between these measurements is ρ=−0.43\rho=-0.43. Results are consistent with the current average of these quantities and are at a combined 1.9 standard deviations from the predictions based on lepton flavor universality in the Standard Model.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-039.html (LHCb public pages

    Mechanisms of the Improved Biological Response with Silicate Substitution in Hydroxy Apatite

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    Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a bioactive calcium phosphate based ceramic commonly used. as a bone graft substitute. The bioactivity of this material has been reported to be enhanced through site specific substitution of 0.8wt% silicate for phosphate into the HA lattice (SiHA). The aim of this thesis was to explore the possible mechanisms behind this bioactivity enhancement. Two hypothesises were proposed whereby bioactivity may be enhanced by either (1) an 'indirect effect', where alterations in the ion concentrations in the fluid surrounding the graft materials influenced osteoblast development or metabolism and/or (2) by a 'direct effect', where differences in the material physiochemistry influenced protein adsorption, which in subsequently promotes osteoblast attachment and consequently development or metabolism. In order to probe these two hypotheses a broad area of activity was undertaken, including production of morphologically matched HA and. SiHA, analysis of surface physiochemistry and chemical interactions under cell culture conditions in addition to analysis of material-protein interactions, cell attachment, metabolism and development. . Whilst the morphological parameters of the microporous HA and SiHA were matched, differences in the physiochemical properties were noted, such' as the increase in surface free energy from 29.43±6.39mJ/m2 (HA) to 56.67±1.07mJ/m2 (SiHA). Exposure of HA and SiHA to cell culture . medium led to a depletion of 10.8% and 27.1 % phosphate ions in medium respectively. Moreover, exposure to SiHA resulted in a significant increase in pH and release of up to 0.22mM silicon in the medium. Serum proteins were identified to influence the ionic interactions between the apatite and medium. However, these significant changes in ion composition were not seen to impact on the development of osteoblast-like cells. Impro\red bioactivity through the 'indirect effect' of ionic interactions between SiHA and the surrounding medium was therefore not established. Analysis of serum protein adsorption demonstrated that within 24 hours, 50±5.2J.lg and 35.9±4.0J.lg total protein was adsorbed to SiHA and HA specimens respectively. Further to the determination of ...EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

    Modelle zur Bestimmung der perkutanen Absorption – Experimentelle Einflussparameter und in silico PrĂ€diktionen

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    Dermal absorption – the uptake of compounds via the skin – is a relevant parameter for risk assessment of chemicals, cosmetics and plant protection products. Besides in vivo tests, in vitro determination is accepted by many regulatory agencies – if experiments are conducted in accordance to OECD Guideline 428 and Guidance document 28. However, the named documents provide a framework whereupon variability regarding performance and results may be observed in different laboratories. A way to minimize variability is to understand the influence of experimental conditions and higher standardization of the system. Regarding the latter, the Guideline requests an integrity test which should ensure the exclusive use of undamaged skin preparations. Proposed tests are TEWL (transepidermal water loss), TEER (transepidermal electrical resistance), application of a reference compound like water (TWF, transepidermal water flux) or the integrated use of an internal standard (ISTD). However, contradictory opinions concerning applicability, experimental performances and limit values have been reported. To evaluate the suitability of different tests and review the present limit values, absorption results of four 14C-labeled test compounds (MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid), MCPA-EHE (MCPA 2-ethylhexylester), testosterone and caffeine) were compared with results of five integrity tests: TEWL, TWF, TEER in advance, ISTD (3H- mannitol, 3H-caffeine, or 3H-testosterone) concurrently and BLUE (transepidermal methylene blue absorption) at the end of the run. The standard methods TEWL, TWF and TEER were assessed to be appropriate tools for rough differentiation between intact and impaired skin samples in advance of experiments, when using limit values 10 g/(mÂČ*h), 4.5*10-3 cm/h and 2 kOhm, respectively. However, only the absorption characteristics of a parallelly applied ISTD were highly correlated with absorption results of the 14C-labeled test compound (e.g. RÂČ 0.86 for maxKp (maximum permeability coefficient) 14C- MCPA and 3H-testosterone). Further advantages of the ISTD approach are the possibility to rate the barrier function over the entire experimental period and to distinguish substance-specific wash-in effects from barrier-disruption related effects. The independence of 3H-ISTD and 14C-test compound analytics as well as the independence of their absorption characteristics were shown in the current work. An obstacle for routine application is the need of historical datasets for various ISTDs – representative for various physicochemical properties – applied under various experimental conditions. Regarding investigation of possible influential experimental parameters, the use of flow-through and static study design was compared. Therefore, 14C-MCPA and 3H-testosterone were applied on dermatomed rat skin semi-occlusively with water as the receptor fluid. In accordance with the literature, similar absorption results were obtained with the two experimental designs, e.g. maxKp values for 14C-MCPA of 21.4 ± 10.4*10-5cm/h under static and 22.8 ±18.4*10-5cm/h under flow-through conditions. Repeated application of a formulation containing the pesticide MCPA over three days in advance to the application of the corresponding radio-labeled formulation on rat skin led to a significant increase of the absorption (AD 75 ± 24 %) compared to the standard experiments with a single application of 14C-MCPA (14 ± 3 %). This effect was only partly due to the formulation, but also due to mechanical and chemical stress during washing procedures between the applications. It was observed that the skin became less resistant to mechanical treatment with increasing time. Therefore, the study design with repeated dosing in vitro was assessed as not feasible for routine applications. Furthermore, absorption characteristics of dermatomed (DMS) and full-thickness (FTS) skin samples derived from the same human donor were compared under identical experimental conditions. Absorption results for four 14C-labeled (MCPA-EHE, MCPA, testosterone and caffeine) and two 3H-labeled (testosterone and mannitol) penetrants under finite dose conditions were in the same order of magnitude for both preparation types (e.g. 3H-testosterone, absorbed dose (AD) 22.1 ± 7.1 % for DMS and 25.6 ± 9.2 % for FTS). However, DMS was assessed to be more suitable for routine studies due to Kp values closer to the steady state situation. Since the availability of human skin is limited, rat skin, StrataTestÂź (a commercially available reconstructed human skin) and skin-PAMPA (an abiotic stratum corneum membrane) were assessed for their suitability to determine dermal absorption. Therefore, experiments were conducted with 14C- labeled and unlabeled model compounds (testosterone, caffeine and MCPA) under similar experimental conditions. In accordance with the literature, rat skin was assessed to be an appropriate alternative to human skin due to absorption results in the same order of magnitude and fulfilling the regulatory principle of ‘worst case’ for purposes of risk assessment (e.g. for pesticides). Skin- PAMPA was highly over-predictive in comparison to human skin ((max)Kp 3- to 53-fold). If focusing on aqueous solutions skin-PAMPA was less over-predictive ((max)Kp 3- to 8-fold) and the results were correlated to human skin results (R2 0.89). However, further tests are needed to assess its usability for other vehicles – which would be crucial for its application as screening tool during pesticide development. In contrast, formulations could be applied on the cell- based construct StrataTestÂź. However, the system was highly over-predictive in comparison to human skin (maxKp 5- to 49-fold, AD 3- to 4-fold), not correlated to human in vitro experiments and therefore assessed as inappropriate to determine dermal absorption. Besides the absorption, also xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme activities were investigated for StrataTestÂź using subcellular fractions. Remarkable esterase and NAT 1 activities were detected in S9 fraction (3.6 ± 0.1 and 7.2 ±1.6 nmol/(min*mg), respectively). But lacking UGT 1 and ADH activity and providing low AlDH and FMO 1/3 activities (3.1 ± 0.8 and 0.5 ± 0.1 nmol/(min*mg), respectively) – measured in microsomes or cytosol – StrataTestÂź was closer to a keratinocyte cell line than to the metabolic properties of excised human skin, reconstructed human epidermis (EpiDermTM) or other full-thickness skin constructs (EpiDermTMFT and PhenionÂźFT). Additionally, cryoconserved human skin (-20°C, up to 1 year) was examined for preserved esterase activity. Using S9 fraction and model substrates MCPA-EHE and fluorescein diacetate resulted in activities of 0.67 ± 0.26 nmol/(mg*min) and 0.7 ± 0.6 nmol/(min*mg), respectively. Furthermore, model compound MCPA-EHE was partially cleaved to MCPA during dermal absorption experiments in vitro. It was concluded, that a change of absorption characteristic due to metabolic hydrolysis and changed physicochemical properties is covered qualitatively when using cryoconserved human skin. However, considering the hints of enzyme degradation during storage, a considerably lower extent is likely. Finally, in silico prediction models for dermal absorption with special focus on mixture-related effects were developed. Data from more than 342 dermal absorption experiments in vitro were used, which comprised 56 test compounds in more than 100 formulations. A model based on one substance-specific Abraham descriptor (Rf2, solute excess molar refractivity), a mixture-specific factor (TPSA, topological polar surface area) and a species indicator (SpI) was assessed to be appropriate to estimate the magnitude of permeation of compound-mixture combinations and therefore to be a suitable screening tool for early stages of development (e.g. for pesticides). More precise predictions were possible with the substance-based approach where substance-related information were bundled in class variables and combined with mixture factors (molinspLogHBAcc, logarithmic number of hydrogen bond acceptors, Adme1/Pow, inverse octanol/water partition coefficient, Adme1/RotB, inverse number of rotatable bonds). This model allows reliable interpolations for included test substances to novel formulations. Taken together, the current work supplements current knowledge about the in vitro methodology as well as the in silico predictions for dermal absorption. However, further improvements are needed to enhance the reproducibility of the former and allow the routine application of the latter.Die dermale Resorption – die Aufnahme von Stoffen ĂŒber die Haut – ist ein relevanter Parameter fĂŒr die Risikobewertung von Chemikalien, Kosmetika und Pflanzenschutzmitteln. Neben in vivo Versuchen werden fĂŒr die Bewertung Ergebnisse aus in vitro Tests in der EU regulatorisch anerkannt, sofern die Experimente entsprechend der OECD Guideline 428 und dem Guidance document 28 durchgefĂŒhrt wurden. Allerdings definieren die Dokumente nur ein GrundgerĂŒst der Methode, weshalb die DurchfĂŒhrung und auch die Ergebnisse verschiedener Labore unterschiedlich ausfallen können. Eine Möglichkeit die experimentelle VariabilitĂ€t zu minimieren, ist den Einfluss variabler Testbedingungen zu verstehen und die Standardisierung des Testsystems voranzutreiben. Ein ValiditĂ€tskriterium nach OECD Guideline ist z. B. die DurchfĂŒhrung eines IntegritĂ€tstest, der den exklusiven Einsatz intakter Hautproben gewĂ€hrleisten soll. Zu den vorgeschlagenen Methoden zĂ€hlen TEWL (transepidermaler Wasserverlust), TEER (transepidermaler elektrischer Widerstand), die Applikation einer Referenzsubstanz wie z. B. Wasser (TWF, transepidermaler Wasserfluss) oder der Einsatz eines internen Standards (ISTD). Allerdings wird die Anwendung einzelner Methoden kontrovers diskutiert und fĂŒr andere fehlt ein gemeinsamer Konsens hinsichtlich der DurchfĂŒhrung und der anzuwendenden Grenzwerte. Um die ZweckmĂ€ĂŸigkeit der verschiedenen Methoden und die aktuellen Grenzwerte zu beurteilen, wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Ergebnisse von Resorptionsuntersuchungen von vier 14C-markierten Testsubstanzen (MCPA (2-Methyl-4-chlorphenoxyessigsĂ€ure), MCPA-EHE (MCPA-2-ethylhexylester), Testosteron, und Coffein) mit den Ergebnissen von fĂŒnf IntegritĂ€tstests verglichen: TEWL, TWF, TEER, jeweils im Vorfeld, ISTD (3H-Mannitol, 3H- Coffein, oder 3H-Testosteron) zusammen mit der Testsubstanz und BLUE (transepidermale Resorption von Methylenblau) am Ende des Versuches. Die Standardmethoden TEWL, TWF und TEER erwiesen sich als geeignet zur Vorselektion von intakten Hautproben bei Einhaltung folgender Grenzwerte: 10 g/(mÂČ*h), 4.5*10-3 cm/h und 2 kOhm. Indessen war die Korrelation zu den Resorptionsergebnissen der 14C-markierten Testsubsubstanz gering. Im Gegensatz dazu, bestand eine Korrelation zwischen den Ergebnisse des ISTD und den Ergebnissen der Testsubstanz (z. B. RÂČ 0.86 fĂŒr maxKp (maximaler PermeabilitĂ€tskoeffizient) von 14C-MCPA und 3H-Testosteron). Weitere Vorteile des IntegritĂ€tstests ISTD sind die Bewertung der Hautbarriere ĂŒber die gesamte Expositionszeit hinweg und die Unterscheidung von substanzspezifischen ‚wash- in‘ Effekten von Effekten, die auf eine gestörte Hautbarriere zurĂŒckzufĂŒhren sind. Weiterhin wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigt, dass sich die 14C- markierte Testsubstanz und der 3H-markierte ISTD nicht gegenseitig hinsichtlich Analytik oder Resorptionsverhalten beeinflussen. FĂŒr eine Routineanwendung des IntegritĂ€tstests ISTD fehlen allerdings noch historischen Daten. Es wird empfohlen, Daten fĂŒr mehrere ISTDs – reprĂ€sentativ fĂŒr verschiedene physikalisch-chemische Eigenschaften – unter verschiedenen experimentellen Bedingungen als historischen Vergleichsdatensatz zu generieren. BezĂŒglich experimenteller Einflussfaktoren auf die dermale Resorption in vitro, wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit Ergebnisse von statischen und ‚Durchfluss‘-Experimenten verglichen. Dazu wurde 14C-MCPA und 3H-Testosteron semi-okklusiv auf Rattenhaut appliziert. In Übereinstimmung mit der Literatur wurden fĂŒr beide Systeme Ă€hnliche Ergebnisse erzielt (z. B. ein maxKp (14C-MCPA) von 21.4 ± 10.4*10-5cm/h im statischen und von 22.8 ±18.4*10-5cm/h im Durchflusssystem). Wiederholte Applikation einer MCPA- Formulierung ĂŒber drei Tage auf Rattenhaut, fĂŒhrte zu einer verstĂ€rkten Resorption der anschließend applizierten 14C-MCPA Dosis (AD 75 ± 24 %) im Vergleich zur Applikation einer Einzeldosis 14C-MCPA (14 ± 3 %). Dieser Effekt war auf die Formulierung, aber auch auf den mechanischen und chemischen Stress durch die Waschungen zwischen den Applikationen zurĂŒckzufĂŒhren. Die Hautproben waren mit voranschreitender Zeit weniger resistent gegenĂŒber solchen EinflĂŒssen. Insgesamt erwies sich dieser in vitro Ansatz zur routinemĂ€ĂŸigen Untersuchung des Einflusses einer wiederholten Applikation als nicht geeignet. Weiterhin wurde der Einfluss der HautprĂ€paration auf die Resorption in vitro untersucht. Dazu wurde unter identischen experimentellen Bedingungen, dermatomisierte Haut (DMS) und Vollhaut (FTS) vom selben humanen Spender eingesetzt. Vier 14C-markierte (MCPA-EHE, MCPA, Testosteron und Coffein) und zwei 3H-markierte (Testosteron und Mannitol) Testsubstanzen wurden als finite Dosen appliziert. Die Resorptionsergebnisse lagen fĂŒr beide HautprĂ€parationsarten im gleichen GrĂ¶ĂŸenbereich (z. B. absorbierte Dosis (AD, 3H-Testosteron) 22.1 ± 7.1 % fĂŒr DMS und 25.6 ± 9.2 % fĂŒr FTS). Insgesamt wurden beide PrĂ€parationsarten fĂŒr Routinestudien als geeignet bewertet. Allerdings ist DMS FTS vorzuziehen, da die erzielten maxKp-Werte mit DMS nĂ€her am ‚steady state‘ lagen als die maxKp-Werte, die mit FTS generiert wurden. Da die VerfĂŒgbarkeit von Humanhaut fĂŒr Forschungszwecke begrenzt ist, wurde die Eignung von RattenhautprĂ€paraten, StrataTestÂź (ein kommerziell erhĂ€ltliches Humanhautkonstrukt) und skin-PAMPA (eine synthetische Stratum-corneum-Membran) hinsichtlich einer Anwendung zur Bestimmung dermaler Resorption ĂŒberprĂŒft. Dazu wurden Experimente mit 14C-markierten und nicht markierten Modellsubstanzen (Testosteron, Coffein und MCPA) unter vergleichbaren experimentellen Bedingungen durchgefĂŒhrt. In Übereinstimmung mit der Literatur, wurde Rattenhaut als geeignete Alternative zur Humanhaut bewertet, da deren Einsatz zu Resorptionen in der gleichen GrĂ¶ĂŸenordnung fĂŒhrte und gleichzeitig das regulatorische Prinzip des ‚worst case‘ fĂŒr Risikobewertungen von z. B. Pflanzenschutzmitteln erfĂŒllte. Skin-PAMPA erwies sich als ĂŒberprĂ€diktiv ((max)Kp 3- bis 53-fach höher im Vergleich zu den Ergebnissen mit Humanhaut in vitro). Wurde der Effekt der Mischung mit berĂŒcksichtigt und nur die Daten fĂŒr wĂ€ssrige Lösungen miteinander verglichen, so lagen die Resorptionsergebnisse mit skin-PAMPA nĂ€her an den Referenzwerten ((max)Kp 3- bis 8-fach höher im Vergleich zu den Ergebnissen mit Humanhaut in vitro) und es ergab sich eine Korrelation von R2 0.89. Ob skin-PAMPA auch fĂŒr andere Vehikel als Wasser geeignet ist – was fĂŒr die Untersuchung von Pflanzenschutzmittelformulierungen unablĂ€ssig wĂ€re – muss noch gezeigt werden. Im Gegensatz dazu, können verschiedenste Formulierungen auf StrataTestÂź appliziert werden. Allerdings waren die Resorptionsergebnisse mit diesem Konstrukt im Vergleich zur Humanhaut ĂŒberprĂ€diktiv (maxKp 5- bis 49-fach, AD 2- bis 4fach), zeigten keine Korrelation zu den Humanhautdaten und wurden deshalb zur Bestimmung dermaler Resorption als nicht geeignet bewertet. Neben der Barrierefunktion von StrataTestÂź wurden auch AktivitĂ€ten von fremdstoffmetabolisierenden Enzymen charakterisiert. Mit hohen Esterase- und NAT 1- AktivitĂ€ten (3.6 ± 0.1 and 7.2 ±1.6 nmol/(min*mg)) in S9 Fraktion, geringen AlDH- und FMO 1/3- AktivitĂ€ten (3.1 ± 0.8 and 0.5 ± 0.1 nmol/(min*mg) und der Abwesenheit von UGT 1- und ADH- AktivitĂ€t – gemessen in Zytosolfraktion oder mikrosomaler Fraktion –, entspricht das Profil des Konstrukts mehr dem Profil einer Keratinozyten-Zelllinie als dem exzidierter Humanhaut oder anderen humanen Epidermis- (EpiDermTM) oder Vollhautkonstrukten (EpiDermTMFT and PhenionÂźFT) aus der Literatur. Weiterhin wurde die EsteraseaktivitĂ€t in gefrorenen Humanhautproben untersucht. Bei Einsatz von S9 Fraktion und Modellsubstrat MCPA-EHE und Fluoresceindiacetat wurden AktivitĂ€ten von 0.67 ± 0.26 nmol/(mg*min) und 0.7 ± 0.6 nmol/(min*mg) gemessen. Eine partielle Spaltung von MCPA-EHE zu MCPA wurde auch wĂ€hrend dermaler Resorptionsexperimente in vitro beobachtet. BerĂŒcksichtigt man die Hinweise auf Abbau des Enzyms wĂ€hrend der Lagerung, kann man schließen, dass teilweise – aber nicht quantitativ – hydrolaseabhĂ€ngige VerĂ€nderungen der physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften und damit mögliche Änderungen der Resorptionscharakteristika bei Verwendung solcher HautstĂŒcke in dermalen Resorptionsstudien in vitro mit erfasst werden. Schließlich wurde ein in silico Modell fĂŒr dermale Resorption unter spezieller BerĂŒcksichtigung von Mischungseffekten entwickelt. Dazu wurden Daten von mehr als 342 in vitro Experimenten mit 56 Substanzen in mehr als 100 Formulierungen verwendet. Ein Modell basierend auf einem substanzspezifischen Abraham Deskriptor (Rf2, ‚solute excess molar refractivity’), einem mischungs-spezifischen Faktor (TPSA, ‚topological polar surface area’) und einem Speziesindikator (SpI) erwies sich als geeignet, die GrĂ¶ĂŸenordnung der Resorption einer Substanz- Mischungs-Kombination vorherzusagen. Damit stellt dieses Modell ein geeignetes Werkzeug fĂŒr die frĂŒhen Entwicklungsphasen von z. B. Pflanzenschutzmitteln dar. PrĂ€zisere Vorhersagen waren mit dem substanzbasierten Modell möglich. In diesem Modell wurden substanzbezogene Informationen in Klassenvariablen gebĂŒndelt und mit Mischungsfaktoren (molinspLogHBAcc, Logarithmus der Anzahl an WasserstoffbrĂŒckenbindungsakzeptoren, Adme1/Pow, inverser Verteilungskoeffizient Oktanol/Wasser, Adme1/RotB, inverse Anzahl an rotierbaren Bindungen) kombiniert. Dieses Modell erlaubt die Interpolation zu neuen Formulierungen fĂŒr integrierte Substanzen. Insgesamt ergĂ€nzt die vorliegende Arbeit aktuelle Kenntnisse hinsichtlich Einflussparameter der in vitro Methode zur Bestimmung der HautpermeabilitĂ€t und der Eignung verschiedener HautintegritĂ€tstests aber auch die Forschung zur Entwicklung von validen in silico PrĂ€diktionsmodellen. Allerdings sind weitere Untersuchungen zu empfehlen, um die Reproduzierbarkeit der Methode weiter zu erhöhen und die Routineapplikation der PrĂ€diktionsmodelle zu ermöglichen

    Computer models versus reality: How well do in silico models currently predict the sensitization potential of a substance

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    Industrial chemicals need to be assessed for their potential to cause skin sensitization. The European chemical and cosmetic legislations have generated increased availability of reliable experimental data on skin sensitization potentials but also a greater demand for non-animal testing methods. In this study, animal data on 55 non-sensitizing and 45 sensitizing chemicals was reviewed and used to test the performance of computer (in silico) models for the prediction of skin sensitization. Statistical models (Vega, Case Ultra, TOPKAT), mechanistic models (Toxtree, OECD (Q)SAR toolbox v3.1, DEREK) and a hybrid model (TIMES-SS) were evaluated. Substances were selected which were not expected to be found in the model training sets. This study also explored other aspects, such as ease of use and data interpretation, and applicability for regulatory purposes.JRC.I.5-Systems Toxicolog
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