Voltammetric determination of nicotine in cigarette tobacco at electrochemically activated glassy carbon electrode

The electrochemical behavior of nicotine was investigated using cyclic and square wave voltammetric techniques. Electrochemical activation of glassy carbon electrode significantly increased the oxidation peak current of nicotine compared to the bare glassy carbon. At the activated glassy carbon electrode, the square wave voltammetry of nicotine revealed an oxidation peak at +838 mV (vs. SCE) in phosphate buffer solution of pH 7. Under optimized conditions, the linear range (R2 = 0.998) and detection limit (3σ) for nicotine determination were found to be 1-200 µM and 0.7 µM, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the determination of nicotine in two brands of commercial cigarettes and acceptable recovery values of 97-108% were found. KEY WORDS: Nicotine, Activated glassy carbon, Square wave voltammetry, Cigarette Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2013, 27(3), 321-328.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v27i3.

Aspergilloma of the lungs: Operative experience from Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Ethiopia

Background: Pulmonary aspergilloma represents a potentially life-threatening disease caused by saprophytic growth of Aspergillus fumigates in pulmonary cavities. This is the first report of its operative treatment from Ethiopia.The aim of this study was to determine the clinical presentations, operative treatments and post operative outcome of patients with pulmonary aspergilloma.Methods: This was a retrospective review of patients’ record with post operative diagnosis of pulmonary aspergilloma treated over a period of three years between April 2005-March 2008 at The Tikur Anbessa hospital which is a teaching and referral hospital in Addis Ababa.Results: Eleven patients were included, 81.8% of whom were males. Cough and hemoptysis were the two most common presenting symptoms, occurring in 11(100%) and 10(90.9%). The chest x-ray features typical for aspergilloma was seen in only 4(36.4%). The left lung was involved in 8(72.75%) and the upper lobes were the most commonly affected lobes occurring in 10 (90.9%). The most frequent clinical indication for surgery was severe hemoptysis in 8 (72.75%). Left upper lobectomy was the most frequently performed surgery in 4(36.4%) and left pneumonectomy in 3(27.3%). Four significant complications occurred in the postoperative period and one patient died, making the postoperative mortality 9.1%. Histopathologic confirmation of the fungal ball was possible in 10 patients and the most common underlying cavitary disease was tuberculosis in 9(90%).Conclusion: Aspergilloma is not an uncommon disease in Ethiopia and the diagnosis should be considered in patients who present with hemoptysis or chronic non-resolving cough. Surgery for pulmonary aspergilloma accounted for 5.8% of all thoracotomies done at the hospital and we have adopted the policy of early surgical treatment for all cases. In our series, the commonest lung pathology behind the aspergillus lesions was cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis, similar to many reports. Since the typical x/ray finding is not present in all patients, we believe that a supportive x/ray finding is sufficient enough an investigation to decide on early surgery in patients who present with suggestive symptoms

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among urban dwellers in southwest Ethiopia

No Abstract. The Ethiopian Journal of Health Development Vol. 21 (1) 2007: pp. 12-1

Analisis Titik Pulang Pokok USAha Furniture Rotan Pada Industri Irma Jaya Di Kota Palu

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui berapa besarbiaya produksi yang digunkan oleh Industri Irma Jaya, mengetahui penerimaan yang diperoleh dalam kurun waktu satu bulan, mengetahui besarnya produksi yang dihasilkan dan biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk mencapai titik pulang pokok dan untuk mengetahui Margin of Safety pada Industri Irma Jaya agar tetap memperoleh laba.Responden dalam penelitian yakni pimpinan dan tenaga kerja Industri Irma Jaya.Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri atas data primer dan data skunder.Analisis yang digunakan yaitu analisis titik pulang pokok. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa analisis titik pulang pokok untuk produk kursi mersi adalah 1 set dengan harga Rp 596.131,52/set, penerimaannya sebesar 5.691.315,15 total biayanya sebesar Rp 5.691.315,15 Margin of Safety (MoS) untuk produk kursi mersi adalah 90%, sedangkan hasil analisis titik pulang pokok untuk produk kursi keong adalah 2 set dengan harga Rp 531.760,695/set, penerimaannya sebesar Rp 10.635.213,80 dan total biayanya sebesar Rp 10.635.213,80 dan Margin of Safety (MoS)untuk produk kursi keong adalah 90%

Analisis Titik Pulang Pokok USAha Budidaya Lebah Madu “Jaya Makmur” di Desa Jono Oge Kecamatan Sigi Biromaru Kabupaten Sigi

This research was supposed to know amount of acquired profit and expended cost, to know a number of manufactured products and acquired income at breaking event point, and to know margin of safety therefore honey bee farming “Jaya Makmur” still got some profits. This research was coducted at honey bee farming “Jaya Makmur” in Jono Oge village, District of Sigi Biromaru, and Regency of Sigi on June to July 2015. Respondens are consisted of two person; they are the owner and the employee of honey bee farming “Jaya Makmur” were: (1) the acquired incomes of honey bee farming “Jaya Makmur” were: (a) for product of honey 850mg in amount of IDR 2.860.000/mount with production cost IDR 1.684.267/mount which generated profit in amount of IDR 1.175.733/mount. (b) for product of honey 400mg in amount of IDR 3.055.000/mount with production cost IDR 1.699.130/mount which generated profit in amount of IDR 1.355.870/mount. (2) the break event point for product of honey 850mg were achieve at production volume in total number 111 bottles with the price in amount of IDR 130.000/bottle, thus, the value of acquired income was IDR 1.430.000/mount. The break event point for product of honey 4050mg were achieve at production volume in total number 23 bottles with the price in amount of IDR 65.000/bottle the value of acquired income was IDR 1.495.000/mount. (3) margin of safety for product of honey 850mg was amount of 50.00% and for product of honey 450mg was in amount of 51.06%, which meant the maximum limited distance of decreasing sell of the second selling product was in ratio of MoS, therefore during the selling product was not decreased more than ratio MoS that meant this cultivation receive some profit

Rentabilitas Usaha pada Industri Bawang Goreng Sal-Han di Kota Palu Sulawesi Tengah

Kebijakan pembangunan pertanian di Indonesia saat ini diarahkan pada modernisasi yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil dan mutu produksi dalam rangka peningkatan pendapatan sekaligus peningkatan taraf hidup masyarakat. Salah satu komoditi andalan khususnya di Kota Palu yang diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pendapatan petani adalah komoditi bawang merah lokal Palu. Hasil olahan bawang merah lokal Palu dikenal dengan produk bawang goreng Palu yang memiliki kekhasan cita rasa tersendiri sehingga produk ini berbeda dengan bawang goreng hasil daerah lain. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui besarnya pendapatan bawang goreng Sal-Han di Kota Palu dari kesuluruhan modal yang digunakan dan untuk mengetahui besar kecilnya angka rentabilitas ekonomi dan rentabilitas modal sendiri pada industri bawang goreng Sal-Han, berdasarkan penambahan modal pinjaman. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada industri bawang goreng Sal-Han di Kota Palu. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan sengaja (Purpossive) dalam hal ini industri bawang goreng Sal-Han. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis penyusutan, analisis pendapatan dan analisis rentabilitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa penambahan modal pinjaman sebesar Rp 100.000.000 dengan tingkat bunga 19,6% pertahun, industri bawang goreng Sal-Han memperoleh nilai rata-rata rentabilitas ekonomi sebesar 40,65%, artinya bahwa setiap penambahan modal sebanyak Rp 100 akan menghasilkan keuntungan sebesar Rp 40,65,-, sementara nilai rentabilitas modal sendiri menghasilkan nilai rata-rata sebesar 41,31%, hal ini berarti setiap penambahan Rp 100 akan mengahasilkan keuntungan sebesar Rp 41,31,-

Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of Clay and Lacustrine Deposits of Lake Ashenge Basin, Northern Ethiopia: Implication for Industrial Applications

The paper tries to characterize and evaluate clay, lacustrine and diatomaceous earth deposits of Lake Ashenge basin, near Koram, northern Ethiopia and comment on its industrial implications. The country rocks are dominantly basalts and basaltic agglomerates overlain by minor amounts of rhyolite and ignimbrite. Sedimentary deposits, clays and associated sediments include 1) intercalations of lacustrine diatomaceous earth, other lacustrine and clays with channel deposits (gravel, pebbly sand and silt); 2) intercalations of diatomaceous earth, peat and clays with channel deposits exposed; and 3) intercalations of clay with channel deposits. X-ray diffractometer analysis of clay samples indicates kaolinite as a dominant clay mineral among others. On the basis of the abundance of different minerals, the clays are subdivided into four groups, 1) Kaolinite (K), 2) Microcline-Kaolinite (MK), 3) Muscovite-Kaolinite (MuK), and 4) Muscovite-Microcline-Kaolinite (MuMK). Other minor mineral phases include quartz, vermiculite, low-high albite, calcite and calcite magnesia. Diatomaceous clays are almost free from kaolinite. Kaolinite, being the dominant clay mineral varies from 6% in light brown to 77% in light grey clays. Al2O3 and SiO2 dominate the clay geochemistry among other oxides and based on the Al2O3 content, the kaolinite variety is subdivided into high Al2O3 (16-21 wt %) and low Al2O3 (8-13 wt%) types. Higher Al2O3 and similar SiO2 and Fe2O3 values in clays compared to the source basaltic rocks are related to the topography, mineralogy and climatic conditions that exist in the area. Compared to the low grade kaolinite type (about 56*106 tones), diatomaceous earth variety (77.3*105 tones) is relatively of good quality with high SiO2 content.Keywords: Clay and lacustrine deposits, Kaolinite, Diatomite, Lake Ashenge, Tigray, Ethiopi