Heuristic edge server placement in Industrial Internet of Things and cellular networks

Rapid developments in industry 4.0, machine learning, and digital twins have introduced new latency, reliability, and processing restrictions in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and mobile devices. However, using current Information and Communications Technology (ICT), it is difficult to optimally provide services that require high computing power and low latency. To meet these requirements, mobile edge computing is emerging as a ubiquitous computing paradigm that enables the use of network infrastructure components such as cluster heads/sink nodes in IIoT and cellular network base stations to provide local data storage and computation servers at the edge of the network. However, optimal location selection for edge servers within a network out of a very large number of possibilities, such as to balance workload and minimize access delay is a challenging problem. In this paper, the edge server placement problem is addressed within an existing network infrastructure obtained from Shanghai Telecom’s base station the dataset that includes a significant amount of call data records and locations of actual base stations. The problem of edge server placement is formulated as a multi-objective constraint optimization problem that places edge servers strategically to the balance between the workloads of edge servers and reduce access delay between the industrial control center/cellular base-stations and edge servers. To search randomly through a large number of possible solutions and selecting those that are most descriptive of optimal solution can be a very time-consuming process, therefore, we apply the genetic algorithm and local search algorithms (hillclimbing and simulated annealing) to find the best solution in the least number of solution space explorations. Experimental results are obtained to compare the performance of the genetic algorithm against the above-mentioned local search algorithms. The results show that the genetic algorithm can quickly search through the large solution space as compared to local search optimization algorithms to find an edge placement strategy that minimizes the cost functio

Comparison of three groups of antiemetic drugs for prevention of post operative nausea and vomiting after middle ear surgery

BACKGROUND: The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after middle ear surgery is 30 to 40 % and higher in high risk individuals. In this study we want to compare the antiemetic effects and efficacy of three groups of drugs, intravenous Ramosetron with Dexamethasone, Ondensetron with Dexamethasone and Metoclopramide with Dexamethasone as a prophylatic administered before surgery in patients undergoing middle ear surgeries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 120 patients that were randomly divided into four groups of 30 in each. Group I received 2ml distilled water with Dexamethasone IV 8mg one hour before end of surgery ; Group II received Ramosetron 0.3mg with Dexamethasone 8mg IV given one hour before end of surgery. Group III received Ondensetron 4mg with Dexamethasone 8mg IV given one hour before end of surgery. Group IV received Metoclopramide 10mg with Dexamethasone 8mg IV given one hour before end of surgery. Incidence and severity of PONV were recorded in each group for 24 hours in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). The duration after which the rescue antiemetic was given was also recorded for each group. Dose of Rescue antiemetic drug usage also noted. The severity of pain intensity was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS) after repeated intervals. The side effects of the study drug like headache , dizziness, allergic reaction etc., if any were assessed and recorded. RESULT: The incidence of nausea is least in first few hours (6 hours) in group R+D compared to other groups. Incidence of nausea and vomiting at different time intervals in Groups R+D and Group O+D were remains same and not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in the incidence of side effects like respiratory depression,headache, extra pyramidal disorders, drowsiness, dizziness, vertigo and allergic in all the groups. Need of Rescue antiemetic need was substantially reduced in R+D and O+D group

PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE LATE CRETACEOUS PAB FORMATION, WESTERN SULAIMAN FOLD- THRUST- BELT, PAKISTAN: IMPLICATIONS FOR PROVENANCE AND PALEO-WEATHERING

Late Cretaceous sandstone succession of the Pab Formation in western Sulaiman Fold Thrust belt Pakistan was investigated for petrology and bulk rock chemistry to determine its source terrain, paleo-weathering and tectonic setting. The formation is mainly comprised of sandstone with reddish to maroon color shale and arenaceous limestone. Texturally, the sandstone is fine to coarse grained, sub-angular to well-rounded and moderately to well sorted. The sandstone is petrologically and geochemically classified as quartz arenite to sub lithic arenite. The detritus was mainly derived from plutonic acidic source. QtFL and QmFLt suggests that recycled orogeny and Craton Interior setting were major sources of sediments. Geochemical models support that the detritus was derived from quartzose sedimentary source terrain, suggest deposition in a passive continental margin setting. Average values of chemical indices are CIA 59% CIW  67% and CIV 12.70%, which suggest moderate to high degree of chemical weathering in source area, that may reflect humid climate condition in the source area. The petrographic study and geochemical models demonstrate that the Pab Formation is mostly composed of mature sandstone from acidic plutonic and low-grade metamorphic rocks terrain in recycled and Craton Interior setting deposited on western passive margin of Indian plate in Tethys Ocean

A pilot study on the isolation and biochemical characterization of Pseudomonas from chemical intensive rice ecosystem

In recent times, there has been a renewed interest in the search of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for sustainable crop production. Rice is an economically important food crop, which is subjected to infection by a host of fungal, viral and bacterial pathogens. In this study, an attempt was made to isolate Pseudomonas spp., a potent PGPR in the rhizosphere. Through appropriate microbiological and biochemical methods, the study demonstrated the presence of fluorescent and nonfluorescent Pseudomonads in the rhizosphere of chemical intensive rice growing environments. Augmentation of such PGPR including, Pseudomonads in the rice ecosystems will ensure a healthy micro climate for rice.Key words: Pseudomonas, rice, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)

Analisis Varians dan Pertumbuhan Belanja Daerah pada Pemerintah Kabupaten Minahasa Utara

Anggaran Belanja Daerah harus memiliki sistem pengendalian agar dapat dilaksanakan secara efektif. Pemerintah Daerah dalam mengalokasikan Anggaran Belanja daerah harus memperhatikan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penyusunan anggaran daerah. Pengalokasian Anggaran Belanja Daerah dimaksud untuk menyeimbangkan antara pengeluaran kas daerah dengan penerimaan kas daerah. Belanja daerah adalah kewajiban daerah yang diakui sebagai pengurang nilai kekayaan bersih dalam periode tahun anggaran yang bersangkutan. Belanja daerah meliputi semua pengeluaran dari rekening kas umum daerah yang mengurangi ekuitas lancar, yang merupakan kewajiban daerah dalam satu tahun anggaran yang tidak akan diperoleh pembayarannya kembali oleh daerah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya nilai varians dan pertumbuhan belanja daerah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode analisis deskriptif. Data yang digunakan berupa data primer yang didapat dari Pemerintah Kabupaten Minahasa Utara. Penelitian pada Dinas Penerimaan Pengelola Keuangan dan Aset Daerah Pemerintah Kabupaten Minahasa Utara dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyusunan anggaran baik,tapi penggunaan anggaran masih kurang efektif, dilihat dari Realisasi Belanja lebih kecil dari Anggaran Belanja, dan Pertumbuhan Belanja dari Pemerintah Kabupaten Minahasa Utara dari tahun ketahun mengalami kenaikan, alasan kenaikan belanja daerah biasanya dikaitkan dengan Perubahan kurs Rupiah. Kata kunci: anggaran belanja, analisis varians, pertumbuhan belanj

Blinding Trachoma: A Disease of Poverty

Trachoma accounts for 15% of blindness worldwide, affecting the world's poorest communities. How can the disease be controlled

A QKD Protocol Extendable to Support Entanglement and Reduce Unauthorized Information Gain by Randomizing the Bases Lists with Key Values and Invalidate Explicit Privacy Amplification

This paper suggests an improvement to the BB84 scheme in Quantum key distribution. The original scheme has its weakness in letting quantifiably more information gain to an eavesdropper during public announcement of unencrypted bases lists. The security of the secret key comes at the expense of the final key length. We aim at exploiting the randomness of preparation (measurement) basis and the bit values encoded (observed), so as to randomize the bases lists before they are communicated over the public channel. A proof of security is given for our scheme and proven that our protocol results in lesser information gain by Eve in comparison with BB84 and its other extensions. Moreover, an analysis is made on the feasibility of our proposal as such and to support entanglement based QKD. The performance of our protocol is compared in terms of the upper and lower bounds on the tolerable bit error rate. We also quantify the information gain (by Eve) mathematically using the familiar approach of the concept of Shannon entropy. The paper models the attack by Eve in terms of interference in a multi-access quantum channel. Besides, this paper also hints at the invalidation of a separate privacy amplification step in the "prepare-and-measure" protocols in general.Comment: 13 pages, 1 figure, submitted for review to the USENIX 200