Fusion of multi-view ultrasonic data for increased detection performance in non-destructive evaluation

State-of-the-art ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation (NDE) uses an array to rapidly generate multiple, information-rich views at each test position on a safety-critical component. However, the information for detecting potential defects is dispersed across views, and a typical inspection may involve thousands of test positions. Interpretation requires painstaking analysis by a skilled operator. In this paper, various methods for fusing multi-view data are developed. Compared with any one single view, all methods are shown to yield significant performance gains, which may be related to the general and edge cases for NDE. In the general case, a defect is clearly detectable in at least one individual view, but the view(s) depends on the defect location and orientation. Here, the performance gain from data fusion is mainly the result of the selective use of information from the most appropriate view(s) and fusion provides a means to substantially reduce operator burden. The edge cases are defects that cannot be reliably detected in any one individual view without false alarms. Here, certain fusion methods are shown to enable detection with reduced false alarms. In this context, fusion allows NDE capability to be extended with potential implications for the design and operation of engineering assets

La estructura sísmica de la corteza de la Zona de Ossa Morena y su interpretación geológica

El experimento de sísmica de reflexión profunda IBERSEIS ha proporcionado una imagen de la corteza del Orógeno Varisco en el sudoeste de Iberia. Este artículo se centra en la descripción de la corteza de la Zona de Ossa Morena (OMZ), que está claramente dividida en una corteza superior, con reflectividad de buzamiento al NE, y una corteza inferior de pobre reflectividad. Las estructuras geológicas cartografiadas en superficie se correlacionan bien con la reflectividad de la corteza superior, y en la imagen sísmica se ven enraizar en la corteza media. Ésta está constituida por un cuerpo muy reflectivo, interpretado como una gran intrusión de rocas básicas. La imagen de las suturas que limitan la OMZ muestra el carácter fuertemente transpresivo de la colisión orogénica varisca registrada en el sudoeste de Iberia. La Moho actual es plana y, en consecuencia, no se observa la raíz del orógeno

ГЛУБИННОЕ СТРОЕНИЕ ЗЕМНОЙ КОРЫ СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЕВРАЗИИ И ЕЕ КОНТИНЕНТАЛЬНЫХ ОКРАИН

The paper reports on the deep geophysical studies performed by the Geological Survey of Russia (VSEGEI) under the international project – Deep Processes and Metallogeny of Northern, Central and Eastern Asia. A model of the deep crustal structure is represented by a set of crustal thickness maps and a 5400-km long geotransect across the major tectonic areas of Northeastern Eurasia. An area of 50000000 km2 is digitally mapped in the uniform projection. The maps show the Moho depths, thicknesses of the main crustal units (i.e. the sedimentary cover and the consolidated crust), anomalous gravity and magnetic fields (in a schematic zoning map of the study area), and types of the crust. The geotransect gives the vertical section of the crust and upper mantle at the passive margin of the Eurasian continent (including submarine uplifts and shelf areas of the Arctic Ocean) and the active eastern continental margin, as well as an area of the Pacific plate.В работе представлены результаты обобщения и интерпретации глубинных геофизических исследований, выполненных Геологической службой России (ВСЕГЕИ) в рамках международного проекта «Глубинные процессы и металлогения Северной, Центральной и Восточной Азии». Модель глубинного строения земной коры представлена комплектом карт, отражающих мощностные параметры земной коры, и геотрансектом протяженностью 5400 км, пересекающим основные тектонические области Северо-Восточной Евразии. Комплект цифровых карт, охватывающих область в 50 млн км2, создан в единой проекции и включает карты глубины залегания поверхности Мохоровичича, мощности основных подразделений земной коры (осадочный чехол и консолидированная земная кора), аномального поля силы тяжести и аномального магнитного поля, использованных для районирования территории, а также карту типов земной коры. Геотрансект пересекает северо-восточную часть Евразии и характеризует вертикальный срез земной коры и верхней мантии пассивной окраины Евразийского континента (включая глубоководные поднятия Северного Ледовитого океана и его шельфовую часть), активную восточную континентальную окраину и выходит в область Тихоокеанской плиты

Mapping of crustal scale tectonic boundaries in the Ossa-Morena Zone using reprocessed IBERSEIS reflection seismic data

The IBERSEIS deep seismic reflection profile imaged crustal scale structures in the SW Iberian Variscan belt, crossing the South Portuguese Zone, the Ossa-Morena Zone and the Central Iberian Zone in Spain. Two subsets of the profile, corresponding to the South Portuguese Zone-Ossa-Morena Zone and the Ossa-Morena Zone-Central Iberian Zone tectonic contacts, have been reprocessed with the aim of investigating the influence of cross-dip and to better image steeply dipping features. Alternative strategies for binning midpoints into common depth point (CDP) bins using different azimuths were examined for synthetic data. We show that the choice of the CDP-processing line and the bin azimuth orientation has a significant impact on the normal moveout and dip-moveout velocities and is crucial to optimizing the quality of the stacked seismic image along the crooked profile. Multi-azimuth binning, normal moveout/dip-moveout, and migration velocity analysis on synthetic and real data show the presence of clear sub-vertical upper crustal structures near the South Portuguese Zone-Ossa-Morena Zone suture, the Aroche fault. This sub-vertical reflectivity that was not imaged earlier, projects into a location in the lower crust with low reflectivity. © 2010 Elsevier B.V

Multidisciplinary study of the hanging wall of the Kiirunavaara iron ore deposit, northern Sweden

Potential weakness zones due to mining-related fracture development under the town of Kiruna, Sweden, have been investigated by integration of seismic, gravity, and petrophysical data. Reflection seismic data were acquired along two subparallel 2D profiles within the residential area of the town. The profiles of ~3.5 km, each oriented approximately east-west, nearly perpendicular to the general strike of the local geology, crossed several contact zones between quartz-bearing porphyries, a sequence of interchanging sedimentary rocks (siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate, and agglomerate), and metabasalt. The resulting reflection seismic sections revealed a strong east-dipping reflectivity that is imaged down to approximately 1.5 km. The location and orientation of major features agree well between the profiles and with the surface geology and known contact zones between the different rock types. Our imaging results, supported by traveltime modelling, indicate that the contact zones dip 40°-50° to the east. The deepest and the weakest reflections are associated with a ~60° dipping structure that is presumably related to the Kiirunavaara iron mineralization. Tomographic inversion of refracted arrivals revealed a more detailed image of the velocity distribution in the upper 100-200 m along the profiles, enabling us to identify near-surface low velocity zones. These could be possible weakness zones developed along the lithological contacts and within the geologic units.The structural image obtained from the seismic data was used to constrain data inversion along a 28 km long east-northeast to west-southwest-oriented gravity profile. The resulting density model indicates that the quartz-bearing porphyry in the hanging wall of the Kiirunavaara mineralization can be separated into two blocks oriented parallel to the ore body. One block has an unexpected low density, which could be an indication of extensive fracturing and deformation

Tomographic modelling and petrophysical measurements for locating weakness zones in bedrock, Kiruna, Sweden

Godkänd; 2011; 20130104 (andbra

The Krasnouralsky profile in the Middle Urals, Russia: A tomographic approach to vintage DSS data

The Middle Urals region has been widely studied with geophysical methods over the past decades. An integrated program is in progress to summarize this knowledge, including modern reprocessing of controlled-source seismic data. This work is devoted to the Krasnouralsky DSS profile. We applied modern tomography inversion algorithms in 2D and 2.5D on first break traveltime picks from an archive catalogue. A number of initial models and various smoothing constraints were used to investigate the influence of starting models on the final model. Robustness and uncertainty of the recovered models were estimated with hypothesis testing and checkerboard tests. The recovered velocity structure shows a thicker crust below the contact of the West Uralian Zone and the Central Uralian Zone and below the Tagil-Magnitogorsk Zone. Deep high velocity anomalies on both sides of this zone are interpreted as crustal thinning or alteration of the crust by intrusions of mantle material. Our results suggest that it is worthwhile reinterpreting DSS traveltime data with modern inversion techniques. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

A footprint of rainfall on land seismic data repeatability at the CO2 storage pilot site, Ketzin, Germany

Two vintages of land time-lapse seismic data were acquired in 2005 and in 2009 at the Ketzin CO2 storage site in Germany. The datasets showed some differences in frequency content, signal-to-noise ratio and refraction statics despite that they were acquired with the same equipment and during the same seasons. The spatial variations in the data appeared to show good correlation with the difference in precipitation during the campaigns. These observations provide a ground for estimation of spatially varying operators that may be used in pre-stack or post-stack cross-equalization corrections of the time-lapse datasets

Geophysical monitoring of CO2 at the Ketzin storage site - The Results of the second 3D repeat seismic survey

Various geophysical methods applied at the Ketzin storage site have successfully imaged migration of the injected CO2 within the target reservoir zone of the ~ 650-680 m deep saline aquifer. Results from the first 3D repeat seismic survey conducted in 2009, after about 15 months of injection (~22,000 t), showed that the CO2 plume was concentrated around the injection well with a lateral extent of approximately 300-400 m and a thickness of about 5–20 m. The plume, however, was not radially symmetric, but had a rather westerly trending tendency, revealing the heterogeneous nature of the reservoir. A second 3D repeat seismic survey was acquired in the Summer/Fall of 2012, when ~ 61,000 tons of CO2 had been injected. Preliminary results show further growth and migration of the anomaly which has been interpreted to be induced by the CO2 injection. It is similar in shape to the one observed at the time of the first repeat survey, but larger by approximately 100-200 m and much stronger with the highest amplitudes nearly centered at the injection well. There is still a pronounced westward propagating tendency. The new seismic data show no indication of upward migration into the caprock

The relationship of soil-moisture saturation and time-lapse static shifts-An example from the Ketzin pilot site

Changes in the near surface are a major problem for land time-lapse seismic projects. Three seismic surveys at the Ketzin pilot site for CO2 storage in Germany demonstrated the importance of removing the variations in the shallow subsurface by applying spatially variable, relative time shifts to the different vintages prior to 4D interpretation. The main reason for these time shifts is a change in seismic velocities in the ground layer above the water table due to different soil-moisture saturation at the times of acquisition. We compared the variation in precipitation, groundwater level and trace-to-trace time shifts between the baseline and two monitor surveys and revealed that delays in reflected energy are in a qualitative sense, proportional to the moisture content in the soil