Multiprotocol Label Switching in Vehicular Ad hoc Network for QoS

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET) provides a wireless communication between vehicles. VANET applications play a significant role in the transportation sector such as vehicle safety, environmental efficiency, traffic control etc. Vehicular Ad hoc network is a subclass of Mobile Ad hoc networks. One of the main concerns in transportation is quality of service (QoS). In VANET, various solutions proposed for quality of services and these solutions applied on layer 2 and layer 3. In this paper, we proposed a Multiprotocol Label Switching. MPLS is an efficient and effective technique that forwards the packets across the network by using the contents of the labels attached to the IP packets. MPLS is known to be a layer 2.5 technology because it supports both data link layer or layer-2 and layer-3. The use of MPLS as backbone networks has increased over the past few years as compared to traditional IP networks, which were based on Iayer-2 technologies. MPLS is a forwarding method used for backbone network. In this paper, we improve quality of service in term of delay, packet loss and throughput in highway areas

The Relationship between Environmental Reporting and Corporate Governance: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

The main purpose of the present research is to empirically scrutinize the relationship between corporate governance (CG) characteristics and environmental reporting (ER) (a component of corporate social responsibility) of firms in Pakistan, through the lens of stakeholder and agency theory. The annual reports of 50 non-financial companies listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) for the years 2014–2015 are content analyzed to compute the companies’ environmental reporting practices. A multifactor model comprising of six elements of CG, i.e. board size, board independence, CEO duality, audit committee independence, proportion of female directors on board and institutional investors is used to assess the impact of CG elements on companies’ environmental reporting initiatives. The results revealed that larger board size, higher proportion of independent non-executive directors on the board, partition of the dual role of chairman and CEO and institutional ownership is associated with greater environmental reporting. The results are valuable to both academics and policy makers in Pakistan

New Trends in Internet of Things, Applications, Challenges, and Solutions

Internet of things (IoT) refers to an innovation and advance field to introduce a new concept of technologies with various potential advantages. In IoT, different types of diverse smart devices and gadgets with smart communication interfaces are connected with each other and offers the plethora of services in our daily life. IoT has gained attention in all fields of life like e-home, e-commerce, e-health, smart grids, intelligent transportation systems, and e-governance. The objects in IoT increasing preponderance of entities and transform objects into new and real-world objects. In this review paper, we discuss the new trend in IoT, its applications and recent challenges and their solutions. In addition, the paper also elaborates the existing systems, IoT architecture and technical aspects with future trends in the field. This review will be helpful to new researchers to find the existing technologies and challenges in order to continue their research in the field

Solutions and Recent Challenges Related to Energy in Wireless Body Area Networks with Integrated Technologies: Applications and Perspectives

في هذه الورقة، بحثنا في بعض أحدث بروتوكولات التوجيه الموفرة للطاقة لشبكات منطقة الجسم اللاسلكية. شهدت هذه التكنولوجيا تطورات في الآونة الأخيرة حيث يتم حقن أجهزة استشعار لاسلكية في جسم الإنسان لاستشعار وقياس معايير الجسم مثل درجة الحرارة ونبض القلب ومستوى الجلوكوز. تقوم هذه المستشعرات اللاسلكية الدقيقة بجمع معلومات بيانات الجسم وإرسالها عبر شبكة لاسلكية وإلى المحطة الأساسية. يتم فحص قياسات البيانات من قبل الطبيب أو الطبيب ويقترح العلاج المناسب. يتم إجراء الاتصال بالكامل من خلال بروتوكولات التوجيه في بيئة الشبكة. يستهلك بروتوكول التوجيه الطاقة أثناء المساعدة في الاتصال دون توقف في البيئة اللاسلكية. بسبب الحجم الصغير جدًا ، فإن استهلاك الطاقة مهم جدًا. لقد ركزنا على البروتوكولات التي توفر كفاءة استخدام الطاقة وتحسين عمر الشبكة، والإنتاجية، وفقدان الحد الأدنى من المسار. سنناقش بعض أحدث بروتوكولات التوجيه الموفرة للطاقة في هذه الورقة، في وقت لاحق يتم تقديم مقارنة مع جدول مناسب. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تمت مناقشة التحديات الأخيرة والتطبيق المحتمل ووجهات النظر.          In this paper, we have investigated some of the most recent energy efficient routing protocols for wireless body area networks. This technology has seen advancements in recent times where wireless sensors are injected in the human body to sense and measure body parameters like temperature, heartbeat and glucose level. These tiny wireless sensors gather body data information and send it over a wireless network to the base station. The data measurements are examined by the doctor or   physician and the suitable cure is suggested. The whole communication is done through routing protocols in a network environment. Routing protocol consumes energy while helping non-stop communication in a wireless environment. Because of the very tiny size, energy consumption matters a lot. We have focused on the protocols, which provide energy efficiency and improve network lifetime, through put and minimal path loss. We will be discussing some of the most recent energy efficient routing protocols in this paper; later their comparison with an appropriate table is presented. In addition, recent challenges, possible application and perspectives are discussed.  &nbsp

Beaconless Packet Forwarding Approach for Vehicular Urban Environment

Existing wireless technologies provide communication and information services to all fields of life. The one of the emerging and popular field is vehicular ad hoc networks, with its unique characteristics and highly mobile environment. Different types of routing protocols have been proposed to address the routing issues in network and one of the most efficient types is geographical routing. In this type of protocols, the beacon messages are using to update the node locations and positions. However, these protoocls have been suffered with high channel congestion issue in the network. To this end, we propose a beaconless packet forwarding strategy based on modified handshake messages mechanism. The protocol uses some realistic metrics to select the next forwarder node such as forward progresss and link quality. The protocol performance is evaluated with existing beacon and beaconless geographical routing protocols. The simulation results showed the better performance of the proposed protocol in terms of packet delay and data delivery ratio in realistic wireless channel conditions

Improving quality of service through road side back-bone network in VANET

The vehicular ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are expected to support a large spectrum of traffic alert, dynamic route planning, file sharing, safety and infotainment applications to improve traffic management. User satisfaction plus in time delivery of real-time messages is the most significant quality evaluation criterion for vehicular applications. High mobility and rapidly changing topologies always lead to intermittent quality of services, higher delay and packet dropping issues in network. To improve the quality of services for multi-hop and dynamic environment, different types of solutions have been proposed. The article introduces multi-protocol label switching based on roadside backbone network to provide widespread, scalable, high-speed, robust quality of services and improve network efficiency. The simulation results showed that proposed model improves data transmission and routing performance in terms of data delivery, throughput, end-to-end delay and achieve adequate utilization of resources

OBPF: Opportunistic Beaconless Packet Forwarding Strategy for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

[EN] In a vehicular ad hoc network, the communication links are unsteady due to the rapidly changing topology, high mobility and traffic density in the urban environment. Most of the existing geographical routing protocols rely on the continuous transmission of beacon messages to update the neighbors' presence, leading to network congestion. Source-based approaches have been proven to be inefficient in the inherently unstable network. To this end, we propose an opportunistic beaconless packet forwarding approach based on a modified handshake mechanism for the urban vehicular environment. The protocol acts differently between intersections and at the intersection to find the next forwarder node toward the destination. The modified handshake mechanism contains link quality, forward progress and directional greedy metrics to determine the best relay node in the network. After designing the protocol, we compared its performance with existing routing protocols. The simulation results show the superior performance of the proposed protocol in terms of packet delay and data delivery ratio in realistic wireless channel conditions.The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding this research. The research is supported by Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE) and conducted in collaboration with Research Management Center (RMC) at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) under VOT NUMBER: QJ130000.2528.06H00.Qureshi, KN.; Abdullah, AH.; Lloret, J.; Altameem, A. (2016). OBPF: Opportunistic Beaconless Packet Forwarding Strategy for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems. 10(5):2144-2165. https://doi.org/10.3837/tiis.2016.05.011S2144216510

Wireless sensor network performance analysis and effect of blackhole and sinkhole attacks

The widespread usage of Wireless sensor networks in various fields and application make it vulnerable to variety of security threats and attacks. These security attacks occur when an adversary compromised a sensor node by inject false measurements and divert real time network traffic. Sinkhole and Blackhole attacks are very common attacks in network, where an attacker advertises un-authorized routing update in network. To deal with these types of attacks, there is a need to tighten the network security and prevent from attackers. In this study, we discuss security threats and presents the effects of Black and Sink hole attacks. Further, the study presents related work and current issues in wireless sensor network. The simulation results illustrated that, how these attacks affect the network performance

Wireless Body Area Networks for Healthcare Applications: An Overview

Healthcare systems have been facing various new challenges due to increasing and rising aging population in healthcare. Advance information and communication technologies have introduced Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) for healthcare systems. WBANs provide different monitoring services in healthcare sector for monitoring their patients with more convenience. WBANs are economical solutions and non-invasive technology for healthcare applications. This review paper provides a comprehensive review on WBANs applications, services and recent challenges