Kıl keçilerinin döl ve süt verimi özellikleri üzerine genetik olmayan faktörlerin etkisi

The aim of this study was to determine the potential effect of non-genetic factors on certain production characteristics of Hair goats raised under semi-intensive management and dry- sub humid conditions, and to investigate phenotypic correlations between these traits. A generalized linear model was used to investigate the effect of non-genetic factors on gestation length (GL), number of services per conception (NSPC), lactation length (LL), lactation milk yield (LMY) and daily milk yield (DMY), while the Chi-square method was used to evaluate other fertility parameters. The pregnancy rate, birth rate and single-birth rate in the Traditional Group were higher, while the infertility rate and NSPC were lower, than those in the Artificial Group (P<0.001). Furthermore, it was determined that LL, LMY and DMY increased (P<0.001), the NSPC decreased (P<0.001), and birth and twinning rates fluctuated (P<0.01) as age increased. The best fertility and milk yield characteristics were in the ≥5 year-old-goats and live weights of 45.0-49.9 kg. In addition, it was determined that kid yield was increased in the goats synchronized with intravaginal sponges impregnated with fluorogestone acetate and in those bred via the traditional method.Bu çalışmanın amacı, yarı entansif ve kurak az nemli iklim koşullarında yetiştirilen Kıl keçilerinin döl verimi ve süt verimi üzerine genetik olmayan faktörlerin etkisini belirlemek ve bu faktörler arasındaki fenotipik korelasyonu araştırmaktır. Gebelik süresi (GL), gebelik başına düşen tohumlama sayısı (NSPC), laktasyon uzunluğu (LL), laskyason süt verimi (LMY) ve günlük süt verimi (DMY) üzerine genetik olmayan faktörlerin değerlendirilmesinde Genear linear model, diğer döl verim parametrelerinin değerlendirilmesinde ise Chi-square metodu kullanılmıştır. Tabii tohumlama yapılan gruptaki keçilerin gebelik oranı, doğu m oranı ve tek doğum oranı suni tohumlama uygulananlardan daha yüksek iken, NSPC sayısı daha düşüktür. Yaş arttıkça LL, LMY ve DMY artmış (P<0.001), NSPC azalmış (P<0.001), tek ve ikiz doğum oranları ise dalgalanma göstermiştir (P<0.01). En iyi döl verimi ve süt verimi nin 5 ve daha yukarı yaşlı ve 45.0-49.9 kg canlı ağırlığındaki keçilerde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Fluorogestone acetate içeren intravajinal sünger ile senkronizasyon ile tabii tohumlama uygulaması nın keçilerde oğlak verimini arttırdığı sonucuna varılmıştır

Use of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) in Animal Nutrition

Özet: Dünya genelinde artan nüfus ve gelişen teknolojiye bağlı olarak enerji ihtiyacı artmıştır. Böylelikle insanlar alter- natif enerji kaynaklarına yönelmiş ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları da hayvan besleme için alternatif yem maddelerinin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Son yıllarda bu kaynaklar arasından ülkemizde en çok tercih edilenlerden bir tanesi ise Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, DDGSnin elde edilme yöntemleri, besin madde içeriği, kalitesini etkileyen faktörler, ruminantlarda, kanatlı hayvanlarda, balıklarda, tek mideli hayvanlarda kul- lanım olanakları detaylı bir şekilde değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, DDGSin rasyonlarda kullanımının ekonomik analizi ile ilgili birtakım bilgiler de sunulmuştur. Sonuç olarak DDGS Türkiyede üretilmediği için kullanımındaki en önemli unsur maliyetidir. Güncel hali ile sadece süt sığırı beslemede protein kaynağı olarak kullanılabilir. Beside ise enerji kaynağı olan arpanın maliyetleri uygun olduğu için DDGS kullanımına ihtiyaç yoktur.Abstract: Demand of energy depending on growing population and technology have increased in the worldwide. Thus people directed to alternative energy sources and renewable energy sources have led to emergence of new raw mate- rial in animal nutrition. The most preferred of these sources is Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) in recent years. The production processes, nutrient content, factors affecting quality of DDGS, utilization of DDGS in ruminant, poultry, and fish diets were detailly evaluated in this study. Moreover, some information regarding economical analysis of DDGS use in diets was also provided. In conclusion, the most important factor affecting the use of DDGS is the cost, because it is not produced in Turkey. Currently, it may only be feasible to use in dairy diet as a source of protein. Because barley is less expensive compared with DDGS as a source of energy, it is not necessary to use DDGS in the diets of feedlot cattle

Determination of nutrient content and digestibility characteristics ofPrangos ferulacea (L.) on grazing lands of Eastern Anatolia

The aim of this study was to compare nutrient content, and in situ protein and organic matter degradation kinetics of Prangos ferulacea (L.) (locally called helis), a naturally growing plant on the top of Mount Artos, with those of alfalfa. P. ferulacea plants used in the study were collected from three different parts of Mount Artos in Van Province over two years. While organic matter content and in vitro organic matter digestibility of P. ferulacea were significantly higher, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen contents were significantly lower compared with those of alfalfa (P &lt; 0.01). In general, in situ dry matter, and organic matter and crude protein degradability of P. ferulacea were significantly higher compared with those of alfalfa starting from 6 h of incubation (P &lt; 0.05). Organic matter and crude protein degradability of P. ferulacea was 79.15% and 85.31%, respectively, after 48 h of incubation. By-pass protein content and both organic matter and crude protein degradation rates were similar between samples (P &gt; 0.05). It can be concluded that P. ferulacea has a better nutrient quality compared with even high quality alfalfa based on nutrient contents and digestibility values, and therefore substitution of alfalfa by P. ferulacea in the diet of ruminant animals is feasible.The aim of this study was to compare nutrient content, and in situ protein and organic matter degradation kinetics of Prangos ferulacea (L.) (locally called helis), a naturally growing plant on the top of Mount Artos, with those of alfalfa. P. ferulacea plants used in the study were collected from three different parts of Mount Artos in Van Province over two years. While organic matter content and in vitro organic matter digestibility of P. ferulacea were significantly higher, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen contents were significantly lower compared with those of alfalfa (P &lt; 0.01). In general, in situ dry matter, and organic matter and crude protein degradability of P. ferulacea were significantly higher compared with those of alfalfa starting from 6 h of incubation (P &lt; 0.05). Organic matter and crude protein degradability of P. ferulacea was 79.15% and 85.31%, respectively, after 48 h of incubation. By-pass protein content and both organic matter and crude protein degradation rates were similar between samples (P &gt; 0.05). It can be concluded that P. ferulacea has a better nutrient quality compared with even high quality alfalfa based on nutrient contents and digestibility values, and therefore substitution of alfalfa by P. ferulacea in the diet of ruminant animals is feasible

Formik asit, melas ve inokulant katkılı mısır silajının bileşimi ve koyunlarda ruminal fermantasyon üzerine etkisi

Bu araştırma formik asit, melas ve mikrobiyal inokülant (homofermentatif laktik asit bakterileri) katkılı mısır silajlarının kalitelerini ve koyunlarda rumen fermantasyonuna etkilerini incelemek amacıyla yapıldı. Katkısız ve formik asit (% 0,5), melas (% 5) ve İnokulant (10 g/ton) katkılı silajlar rumen kanüllü 1,5 yaşlı Kıvırcık x Morkaraman koyunlara yedirildi. Melas katkılı silajlarda KM ve HP içerikleri diğer gruplara göre yüksek bulundu (P < 0,05). Muameleler arasında silaj pH'sı bakımından farklılık bulunmadı. Laktik asit düzeyi enzim ve melas katkılı gruplarda diğer gruplara göre daha yüksek belirlendi (P < 0,05). Asetik asit düzeyi en yüksek asit katkılı, en düşük melas katkılı grupta belirlendi (P < 0,05). Silajları tüketen tokluların yemleme öncesi ve sonrası rumen sıvısı organik asit miktarlarında katkılı silajlar lehinde farklılık gözlenirken (P < 0,05); katkılı silaj tüketen toklularda genel olarak asetik asit miktarı daha düşük, bütirik asit miktarı daha yüksek tespit edildi. Muameleler arasında propiyonik asit bakımından farklılığa rastlanmadı.The objective of this study was to determine the effects of formic acid, molasses, and microbial inoculant (homofermentative lactic acid bacteria) as silage additives on silage quality and ruminal fermentation characteristics. Silages with or without formic acid (0.5%), molasses (5%), or microbial inoculant (10 g/t) were fed to ruminally cannulated, 1.5 year-old Kıvırcık x Morkaraman sheep. Silage treated with molasses had significantly greater DM and CP concentrations compared with other groups (P &lt; 0.05). pH values did not significantly differ among treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Lactic acid concentrations were significantly higher in silages treated with enzyme or molasses compared with others (P &lt; 0.05). While acetic acid concentration was the highest in silage treated with acid, it was the lowest in silage treated with molasses (P &lt; 0.05). Silage NH3-N concentration was the highest in silage treated with molasses, but the lowest in silage treated with acid (P &lt; 0.05). Post-feeding ruminal total organic acid concentrations were significantly greater in sheep fed silages with additive than the control (P &lt; 0.05). While percentages of acetic acid were greater, percentages of butyric acids were less in the rumen fluid of sheep fed silage without additive compared with the rumen fluid of sheep fed silage treated with silage additives. However, percentages of propionic acid did not differ among treatments

Concentrations of NEFA, ?-HBA, triglycerides, and certain blood metabolites in healthy colored Angora goats during the peripartum period

The aim of this study was to determine the changes in serum nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), serum &amp;#946;-hydroxybutyric acid (&amp;#946;-HBA), triglycerides, Ca, Na, and other metabolites (bilirubin, glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH)) in the blood of grazing, healthy goats at the time of parturition. Blood samples were taken weekly from the jugular vein of 11 goats, starting at week 2 antepartum (ap) until week 9 postpartum (pp). NEFA and &amp;#946;-HBA concentrations increased from week 2 ap to 2 weeks pp. The increase in NEFA level was not significant; however, the &amp;#946;-HBA levels were higher (P &lt; 0.05) 2 weeks pp compared to the levels at 2 weeks ap. Triglycerides were recorded at maximum levels (P &lt; 0.05) 2 weeks ap, with the lowest concentrations at 3 weeks pp. Bilirubin levels consistently increased up to 7 weeks pp, followed by a decrease. However, these changes were not significant. Similarly, GLDH activities increased until week 8 pp. A significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) was recorded between the 1st week and 8th week pp. Ca and Na levels were lower during the 1st week pp and increased at 3 weeks pp. The results show that there are characteristic alterations of some metabolic blood parameters in goats around the time of parturition, which may be related to physiological changes

Concentrations of NEFA, ?-HBA, triglycerides, and certain blood metabolites in healthy colored Angora goats during the peripartum period

The aim of this study was to determine the changes in serum nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), serum B-hydroxybutyric acid (B-HBA), triglycerides, Ca, Na, and other metabolites (bilirubin, glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH)) in the blood of grazing, healthy goats at the time of parturition. Blood samples were taken weekly from the jugular vein of 11 goats, starting at week 2 antepartum (ap) until week 9 postpartum (pp). NEFA and B-HBA concentrations increased from week 2 ap to 2 weeks pp. The increase in NEFA level was not significant; however, the B-HBA levels were higher (P < 0.05) 2 weeks pp compared to the levels at 2 weeks ap. Triglycerides were recorded at maximum levels (P < 0.05) 2 weeks ap, with the lowest concentrations at 3 weeks pp. Bilirubin levels consistently increased up to 7 weeks pp, followed by a decrease. However, these changes were not significant. Similarly, GLDH activities increased until week 8 pp. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was recorded between the 1st week and 8th week pp. Ca and Na levels were lower during the 1st week pp and increased at 3 weeks pp. The results show that there are characteristic alterations of some metabolic blood parameters in goats around the time of parturition, which may be related to physiological changes.The aim of this study was to determine the changes in serum nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), serum B-hydroxybutyric acid (B-HBA), triglycerides, Ca, Na, and other metabolites (bilirubin, glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH)) in the blood of grazing, healthy goats at the time of parturition. Blood samples were taken weekly from the jugular vein of 11 goats, starting at week 2 antepartum (ap) until week 9 postpartum (pp). NEFA and B-HBA concentrations increased from week 2 ap to 2 weeks pp. The increase in NEFA level was not significant; however, the B-HBA levels were higher (P < 0.05) 2 weeks pp compared to the levels at 2 weeks ap. Triglycerides were recorded at maximum levels (P < 0.05) 2 weeks ap, with the lowest concentrations at 3 weeks pp. Bilirubin levels consistently increased up to 7 weeks pp, followed by a decrease. However, these changes were not significant. Similarly, GLDH activities increased until week 8 pp. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was recorded between the 1st week and 8th week pp. Ca and Na levels were lower during the 1st week pp and increased at 3 weeks pp. The results show that there are characteristic alterations of some metabolic blood parameters in goats around the time of parturition, which may be related to physiological changes