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    Approaches to the dividend policy in the market economy

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    Π£ статті Ρ€ΠΎΠ·ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ основні ΠΏΡ–Π΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ²Ρ–Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄Π½ΠΎΡ— ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ підприємства Π² Ρ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ–ΠΉ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ–Ρ†Ρ– ΡˆΠ»ΡΡ…ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»Ρ–Π·Ρƒ систСми основних завдань фінансових ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ€Ρ–Π² Π· Π΄ΠΈΠ²Ρ–Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄Π½ΠΎΡ— ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½Ρ–Ρ—, Ρ‰ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π±Π°Ρ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΡ–Π·Π°Ρ†Ρ–ΡŽ багатства власника, Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΡƒΡŽΡ‡ΠΈ Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π½Π΅ фінансування для ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½Ρ–Ρ—; висвітлСння ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ–Π², Ρ‰ΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ²Ρ–Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄Π½Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒ, сСрСд яких Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ ΡˆΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΡ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ росту ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½Ρ–Ρ—, Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π±Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ, ΡΡ‚Π°Π±Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΊΡƒ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‰ΠΎ; вивчСння основних ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½ΡŒ розгляду ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΡƒ Π°ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ, заснованС Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ, Ρ‰ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ²Ρ–Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΈ Π²Π²Π°ΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π°ΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Ρ– ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π·Π° повною ΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΠΊΠΎΡŽ. Π¦Π΅ΠΉ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΡƒΡ” психологічну Π΄ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡƒ інвСстора ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡ€Ρ– ΠΌΡ–ΠΆ Π·Π²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π½Ρ–ΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΎΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΉ Π°Π±ΠΎ отриманням Π΄ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Ρƒ вигляді Π΄ΠΈΠ²Ρ–Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄Ρ–Π². Π—ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ°, Π΄ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π²Ρ–Π΄ приросту ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡ–Ρ‚Π°Π»Ρƒ, які Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ΡŒ Π· ΠΎΡ†Ρ–Π½ΠΊΠΈ Ρ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ— вартості Π°ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ– ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²Π°Π³ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ Π΄ΠΈΠ²Ρ–Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠΊΡ€Ρ–ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΡ… ситуацій. Π£ статті Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ Ρ€ΠΎΠ·ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Ρ–ΡΠ½ΡƒΡŽΡ‡Ρ– розбіТності Π΄ΠΈΠ²Ρ–Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄Π½ΠΎΡ— ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Ρ‰ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ Π±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½Ρ– як Π²ΠΈΠ±Ρ–Ρ€ ΠΌΡ–ΠΆ утриманням Π΄ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ–Π² Π°Π±ΠΎ приростом ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡ–Ρ‚Π°Π»Ρƒ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½Ρ–Ρ— Ρ– Π΄ΠΈΠ²Ρ–Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π² залСТності Π²Ρ–Π΄ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ… характСристик Ρ„Ρ–Ρ€ΠΌΠΈ Ρ– Ρ—Ρ— власників.The article reveals dominant approaches to the company’s dividend policy in the market economy through analyzing a system of core finance managers’ objectives for the company’s dividend policy that contemplate maximizing owner wealth while providing adequate financing for the company; enlightening the key factors that influence dividend policy, among which should be mentioned company growth rate, profitability, earnings stability etc.; examining the main issues of stockholder tax consideration based on the fact that dividends are considered ordinary income and are taxed at the full rate. This fact generates investor’s psychological dilemma between choosing a stock repurchase or taking earnings as dividends. In particular, capital gains that arise from the appreciation of the market price of stock have a tax advantage over dividends except in certain situations. The article also unveils the existing dividend policy controversy that could be defined as a choice between earning retention or capital gains of the company and dividends depending on the particular characteristics of the firm and its owners.Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ Ρ€Π°ΡΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ основныС ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΊ Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ прСдприятия Π² Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ экономикС ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° систСмы основных Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ финансовых ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ богатства Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΡ†Π°, обСспСчивая Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ΅ финансированиС для ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ; акцСнтирования Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ…, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Π΄Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒ, срСди ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΡΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ роста ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π±Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ‚.ΠΏ.; ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ основных вопросов рассмотрСния Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ, основанного Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Π΄Ρ‹ ΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΉ ставкС. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ Π΄ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΌΡƒ инвСстора ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΎΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ². Π’ частности, Π΄ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ‚ прироста ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ Π² Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ стоимости Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ прСимущСства ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ситуаций. Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Ρ€Π°ΡΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ разногласия Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ приростом ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π² зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… характСристик Ρ„ΠΈΡ€ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΡ†Π΅Π²

    ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²Π°Π³ΠΈ Ρ‚Π° Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ–ΠΊΠΈ фінансування ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Ρ–Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ‚Π° Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π°ΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ… Π°ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΉ

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    Π£ Π΄Π°Π½Ρ–ΠΉ статті дослідТСно ΠΏΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ²Π΅ фінансування. Розглянуто ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²Π°Π³ΠΈ Ρ‚Π° Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ–ΠΊΠΈ випуску ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Ρ–Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ‚Π° Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π°ΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ… Π°ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΉ наряду Π· Ρ€Ρ–Π·Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ–Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ обставинами, Π² яких ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅ Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΎ фінансування ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ±Ρ–Π»ΡŒΡˆ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΠΌ. Π’ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π° Π°ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ€Ρ–Π² Π½Π° випуск Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… Π°ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΉ. Розглянуто ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²Π°Π³ΠΈ Ρ‚Π° Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ–ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»Ρ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ розміщСння Π°Π±ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆΡƒ Π°ΠΊΡ†Ρ–ΠΉ. Розглянуто Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ інвСстиційного Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΡ–Ρ€Π°. Π’ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½Ρ– Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ–Ρ‡Π½Ρ– Π²ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π²Ρ–Π΄ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅ ΠΊΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ— Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ— Π±Ρ–Ρ€ΠΆΡ–, Ρ‰ΠΎ Ρƒ свою Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π³Ρƒ сприяє ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–ΠΏΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡŽ ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ— ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Ρ–Π½ΠΊΠΈ Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΡ–Π΄Π²ΠΈΡ‰Π΅Π½Π½ΡŽ Π³Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π΄ΡΡŒΠΊΠΎΡ— обізнаності ΠΏΡ€ΠΎ вивчСння бізнСсу Π² Ρ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… ΡƒΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ…. Особлива ΡƒΠ²Π°Π³Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΄Ρ–Π»ΡΡ”Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ²Ρ–Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄Π½Ρ–ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–Ρ‚ΠΈΡ†Ρ–, Π° самС Ρ—Ρ— сутності Ρ‚Π° основним Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»Ρ–Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ‚Π° систСматизовано Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρƒ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ²Ρ–Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄Π½Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒ підприємства. Розглянуті питання ΠΏΡ€ΠΎ Ρ€ΠΎΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ–Π» ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΊΡƒ, Π·Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½Ρ–Ρ”ΡŽ Π· урахуванням Π·Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ… інвСстицій. Π’ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Ρ”Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…Ρ–Π΄Π½Ρ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ–Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ²Ρ–Π΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ–Π΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Π΄ΠΎ формування ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½Ρ–Π·ΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΆΡ–Π² Ρ– нарахування Π΄ΠΈΠ²Ρ–Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄Ρ–Π² для Ρ€Ρ–Π·Π½ΠΈΡ… підприємств.This article discusses equity financing. The advantages and disadvantages of issuing preferred and common stock are addressed, along with the various circumstances in which either financing source is most suited. Stock rights are also described. Consideration is given to the advantages and disadvantages of public versus private placement, or sale. Also discussed is the role of the investment banker. The economic benefits of a well-run stock exchange is considered. Facilitates improvement in corporate behavior and the high level of public awareness of the business explored in conditions of market economy. The special attention is paid to dividend policies. Certainly essence and types of dividend policy of enterprises. The factors of influence on the dividend policy of enterprises are analyzed and systematized. Treats the issue of generated profit distribution by a company taking into consideration planned investments. It is marked necessity of individual approach to forming mechanism of payments and extra charge of dividends for different enterprises.Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ исслСдовано Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅ финансированиС. РассмотрСны прСимущСства ΠΈ нСдостатки выпуска ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ с Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Ρ‹ΠΉ источник финансирования ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΌ. ΠžΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π° Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° выпуск Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ. РассмотрСны прСимущСства ΠΈ нСдостатки ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ частного размСщСния ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ. РассмотрСна Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ инвСстиционного Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈΡ€Π°. ΠžΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ экономичСскиС Π²Ρ‹Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠΎ управляСмой Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΡ€ΠΆΠΈ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π² свою ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΡŒ способствуСт ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ повСдСния ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ общСствСнной освСдомлСнности ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ бизнСса Π² Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… условиях. ОсобоС Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ удСляСтся Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅, Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π΅Π΅ сущности ΠΈ основным Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ ΠΈ систСматизированы Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ влияния Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Π΄Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒ прСдприятия. РассмотрСны вопросы ΠΎ распрСдСлСнии ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ, созданного ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ с ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… инвСстиций. ΠžΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ начислСниС Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ² для Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… прСдприятий

    Aromaticity and photophysics of tetrasila- and tetragerma-annelated tetrathienylenes as new representatives of the hetero[8]circulene family

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    The electronic structure, absorption and emission spectra, aromaticity and photophysical behavior of the recently synthesized tetrasilatetrathia[8]circulene and tetragermatetrathia[8]circulene compounds have been studied computationally. Both compounds demonstrate a specific bifacial aromaticity, which is unusual for hetero[8]circulenes; the inner eight-membered core sustains an expected strong paratropic magnetically-induced ring current, while the outer perimeter contains saturated Si(Et)2 and Ge(Et)2 moieties which break the conjugation between the thiophene rings. The overall magnetically-induced ring current for both studied circulenes is close to zero because of the strong local diatropic currents in each thiophene ring that compensate the paratropic counterpart. The electronic absorption and emission spectra of tetrasilatetrathia[8]circulene and tetragermatetrathia[8]circulene demonstrate a clear visible vibronic progression. The 0–0 band is the most active one in the absorption spectra, while in the fluorescence spectra the 0–1 band composed of several normal vibrations is more intense compared with the 0–0 band in excellent agreement with experiment. Accounting for spin–orbit coupling effects, an analysis of the photophysical constants for the two compounds demonstrates: (1) a clear manifestation of the internal heavy atom effect on the inter-system crossing efficiency; (2) one to two order domination of non-radiative rates over the fluorescence rate; and (3) that the S1–S0 internal conversion is extremely slow and can not compete with the fluorescence, while the S1–Tn inter-system crossing is a main deactivation channel of the S1 excited state. These results provide new insight into the electronic structure and photophysics of tetrasilatetrathia[8]circulene and tetragermatetrathia[8]circulene as novel standalone representatives of hetero[8]circulenes – tetraannelated derivatives of tetrathienylene.Peer reviewe

    Dianthracenylazatrioxa[8]circulene: synthesis, characterization and application in OLEDs

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    A soluble, green-blue fluorescent, pi-extended azatrioxa[8]circulene was synthesized by oxidative condensation of a 3,6-dihydroxycarbazole and 1,4-anthraquinone by using benzofuran scaffolding. This is the first circulene to incorporate anthracene within its carbon framework. Solvent-dependent fluorescence and bright green electroluminescence accompanied by excimer emission are the key optical properties of this material. The presence of sliding pi-stacked columns in the single crystal of dianthracenylazatrioxa[8]circulene is found to cause a very high electron-hopping rate, thus making this material a promising n-type organic semiconductor with an electron mobility predicted to be around 2.26 cm(2) V-1 s(-1). The best organic light-emitting diode (OLED) device based on the dianthracenylazatrioxa[8]circulene fluorescent emitter has a brightness of around 16 000 Cd m(-2) and an external quantum efficiency of 3.3 %. Quantum dot-based OLEDs were fabricated by using dianthracenylazatrioxa[8]circulene as a host matrix material.Peer reviewe

    The additional value of patient-reported health status in predicting 1-year mortality after invasive coronary procedures: A report from the Euro Heart Survey on Coronary Revascularisation

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    Objective: Self-perceived health status may be helpful in identifying patients at high risk for adverse outcomes. The Euro Heart Survey on Coronary Revascularization (EHS-CR) provided an opportunity to explore whether impaired health status was a predictor of 1-year mortality in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing angiographic procedures. Methods: Data from the EHS-CR that included 5619 patients from 31 member countries of the European Society of Cardiology were used. Inclusion criteria for the current study were completion of a self-report measure of health status, the EuroQol Questionnaire (EQ-5D) at discharge and information on 1-year follow-up, resulting in a study population of 3786 patients. Results: The 1-year mortality was 3.2% (n = 120). Survivors reported fewer problems on the five dimensions of the EQ-5D as compared with non-survivors. A broad range of potential confounders were adjusted for, which reached a p<0.10 in the unadjusted analyses. In the adjusted analyses, problems with self-care (OR 3.45; 95% CI 2.14 to 5.59) and a low rating (≀ 60) on health status (OR 2.41; 95% CI 1.47 to 3.94) were the most powerful independent predictors of mortality, among the 22 clinical variables included in the analysis. Furthermore, patients who reported no problems on all five dimensions had significantly lower 1-year mortality rates (OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.28 to 0.81). Conclusions: This analysis shows that impaired health status is associated with a 2-3-fold increased risk of all-cause mortality in patients with CAD, independent of other conventional risk factors. These results highlight the importance of including patients' subjective experience of their own health status in the evaluation strategy to optimise risk stratification and management in clinical practice
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