Urbanization and Industrialization: Modeling Swedish Demoeconomic Development from 1870 to 1914

This paper describes the urbanization and development experience of Sweden during the years 1870-1914. A general equilibrium demoeconomic model is outlined that seeks to capture characteristics specific to the Swedish studies. This analysis of Swedish development expands the collection of national case studies that are envisioned as part of the Population, Resources, and Growth Task

Soil Development in Quaternary Glacial Deposits, Waterton Park Area, Southwestern Alberta

Pedological investigations in the Waterton Park area provide a useful means of testing subdivisions of Quaternary glacial deposits based on geomorphic relations. Soils in the region, however, including Podzols, Brunisols, Luvisols, and Chernozemics, also reflect the influence of soil forming factors other than time. Nonetheless, a chronosequence can be established by comparing time-diagnostic properties of soils on different geomorphic units in areas with similar climate, vegetation, slope and parent material. Properties thought to be most diagnostic of relative soil age include thickness and degree of clay buildup in B horizons and two soil development indices which average degree of development of a number of properties. Pédologie and geomorphic data suggest surface deposits include mountain tills of three or four separate advances and continental tills of two separate advances. Mountain tills are tentatively correlated with the Late Wisconsinan (about 18 ka BP), Late and or Early Wisconsinan (about 100 to 65 ka BP). Late lllinoian (about 200 to 132 ka BP). and Early lllinoian and/or pre-lllinoian (about 400 to 700+ ka BP), whereas continental tills are tentatively correlated with the Late Wisconsinan and Late lllinoian deposits of the U.S. Midcontinent.Les recherches pédologiques menées dans la région du parc Waterton ont permis de vérifier les subdivisions des dépôts glaciaires quaternaires fondées sur les relations géomorphologiques. Les sols de la région, incluant les podzols, les brunisols, les luvisols et les sols chernozémiques, reflètent également l'influence d'autres facteurs de formation que le temps. On peut tout de même établir une chronoséquence en comparant les propriétés relatives au temps des sols développés sur différentes unités géomorphologiques situées dans des régions dont le climat, la végétation, les pentes et le matériau parental sont similaires. Les propriétés considérées comme étant les plus indicatives de l'âge relatif des sols comprennent l'épaisseur et le degré d'accumulation d'argile dans les horizons B. Deux indices de développement de sols, qui font la moyenne du degré d'évolution d'un certain nombre de propriétés, fournissent aussi des indications relatives à l'âge. Les données pédologiques et géomorphologiques laissent croire que les dépôts de surface comprennent des tills de montagne de trois ou quatre glaciations distinctes et des tills d'origine continentale de deux glaciations distinctes. Les tills de montagne sont à titre d'essai mis en corrélation avec le Wisconsinien supérieur (environ 18 ka BP), le Wisconsinien supérieur ou le Wisconsinien inférieur (environ 100 à 65 ka BP), l'Illinoien supérieur (environ 200 à 132 ka BP), et l'Illinoien inférieur ou le pré-lllinoien (environ 400 à 700 + ka BP), tandis que les tills d'origine continentale sont mis en corrélation avec les dépôts du centre des États-Unis datant du Wisconsinien supérieur et de l'Illinoien supérieur.Pedologische Forschungen, die im Gebiet des Waterton-Parks durchgefùhrt wurden, erlaubten die Unterteilungen der glazialen Ablagerungen im Quaternâr, die sich auf geomorphologische Beziehungen stûtzen, zu ùberprùfen. Die Bôden des Gebiets, einschliesslich der Podsole, der Brunisole, der Luvisole und der Chernozemiks, spiegeln auch den Einfluss anderer bodenbildender Faktoren als der Zeit. Dennoch làsst sich eine Chronosequenz erstellen, indem man zeitdiagnostische Eigenschaften von Bôden in verschiedenen geomorphischen Einheiten vergleicht, in Gebieten, deren Klima, Vegetation, Abhânge und ursprùngliches Material gleichartig sind. Zu den Eigenschaften, von denen man glaubt. dass sie am besten das relative Alter der Bôden anzeigen, gehôren die Dicke und der Akkumulationsgrad des Tons in den B-Horizonten. Zwei Anhaltspunkte zu der Entwicklung der Bôden, die den Durchschnitt des Entwicklungsgrades einer bestimmten Zahl von Eigenschaften ermitteln, liefern auch Hinweise, das Alter betreffend. Die pedologischen und geomorphologischen Daten lassen vermuten, dass die Oberflâchen-Ablagerungen Berg-Tills von drei oder vier verschiedenen Vereisungen enthalten. Die Berg-Tills hat man probeweise in Beziehung zum spàten Wisconsinan (etwa 18 ka v.u.Z.), dem spâten und/oder frùhen Wisconsinan (etwa 100 bis 65 ka v.u.Z.), dem spàten IIlinoium (etwa 200 bis 132 ka v.u.Z.) und dem frùhen lllinoium und/oder prâ-lllinoium (etwa 400 bis 700+ ka v.u.Z.) in Beziehung gebracht, wàhrend die Tills kontinentaler Herkunft mit den Ablagerungen des Zentrums der Vereinigten Staaten korreliert werden, die aus dem spàten Wisconsinan und dem spàten lllinoium stammen

The Role of Emigration and Migration in Swedish Industrialization - Some Preliminary Results using a Computable General Equilibrium Model

This paper discusses some preliminary results of the Swedish case study of the Population, Resources, and Growth Task. The study highlights the Swedish demoeconomic development during its first phase of industrialization, the pre-World War I period, with specific emphasis on an analysis of the economic consequences of rural-to-urban migration and emigration. The paper starts with a short review of the model that has been developed--a so-called numerical general equilibrium model, especially designed to capture Swedish development. Results of simulations over a 20 year period are given. After discussing the capability of the model to capture the Swedish development, some policy analyses are carried out through counterfactual simulations, both in a static and a dynamic setting. Three dynamic simulations are undertaken to analyze the role of rural-to-urban migration and emigration in Swedish industrialization, and some preliminary results are presented concerning their importance for the development of the Swedish economy

The Effects of Low Latency on Pointing and Steering Tasks

Latency is detrimental to interactive systems, especially pseudo-physical systems that emulate real-world behaviour. It prevents users from making quick corrections to their movement, and causes their experience to deviate from their expectations. Latency is a result of the processing and transport delays inherent in current computer systems. As such, while a number of studies have hypothesized that any latency will have a degrading effect, few have been able to test this for latencies less than ~50 ms. In this study we investigate the effects of latency on pointing and steering tasks. We design an apparatus with a latency lower than typical interactive systems, using it to perform interaction tasks based on Fitts’s law and the Steering law. We find evidence that latency begins to affect performance at ~16 ms, and that the effect is non-linear. Further, we find latency does not affect the various components of an aiming motion equally. We propose a three stage characterisation of pointing movements with each stage affected independently by latency. We suggest that understanding how users execute movement is essential for studying latency at low levels, as high level metrics such as total movement time may be misleading

Westernmost Grand Canyon incision: Testing thermochronometric resolution

The timing of carving of Grand Canyon has been debated for over 100 years with competing endmember hypotheses advocating for either a 70 Ma (“old”) or <6 Ma (“young”) Grand Canyon. Several geological constraints appear to support a “young” canyon model, but thermochronometric measures of cooling history and corresponding estimates of landscape evolution have been in debate. In particular, 4He/3He thermochronometric data record the distribution of radiogenic 4He (from the 238U, 235U and 232Th decay series) within an individual apatite crystal and thus are highly sensitive to the thermal history corresponding to landscape evolution. However, there are several complicating factors that make interpreting such data challenging in geologic scenarios involving reheating. Here, we analyze new data that provide measures of the cooling of basement rocks at the base of westernmost Grand Canyon, and use these data as a testbed for exploring the resolving power and limitations of 4He/3He data in general. We explore a range of thermal histories and find that these data are most consistent with a “young” Grand Canyon. A problem with the recovered thermal history, however, is that burial temperatures are under predicted based on sedimentological evidence. A solution to this problem is to increase the resistance of alpha recoil damage to annealing, thus modifying He diffusion kinetics, allowing for higher temperatures throughout the thermal history. This limitation in quantifying radiation damage (and hence crystal retentivity) introduces non-uniqueness to interpreting time–temperature paths in rocks that resided in the apatite helium partial retention zone for long durations. Another source of non-uniqueness, is due to unknown U and Th distributions within crystals. We show that for highly zoned with a decrease in effective U of 20 ppm over the outer 80% of the radius of the crystal, the 4He/3He data could be consistent with an “old” canyon model. To reduce this non-uniqueness, we obtain U and Th zonation information for separate crystals from the same rock sample through LA-ICP-MS analysis. The observed U and Th distributions are relatively uniform and not strongly zoned, thus supporting a “young” canyon model interpretation of the 4He/3He data. Furthermore, we show that for the mapped zonation, the difference between predicted 4He/3He data for a uniform crystal and a 3D model of the crystal are minimal, highlighting that zonation is unlikely to lead us to falsely infer an “old” Grand Canyon

Provenance and Paleogeography of the 25-17 Ma Rainbow Gardens Formation: Evidence for Tectonic Activity at Ca. 19 Ma and Internal Drainage rather than Throughgoing Paleorivers on the Southwestern Colorado Plateau

The paleogeographic evolution of the Lake Mead region of southern Nevada and northwest Arizona is crucial to understanding the geologic history of the U.S. Southwest, including the evolution of the Colorado Plateau and formation of the Grand Canyon. The ca. 25–17 Ma Rainbow Gardens Formation in the Lake Mead region, the informally named, roughly coeval Jean Conglomerate, and the ca. 24–19 Ma Buck and Doe Conglomerate southeast of Lake Mead hold the only stratigraphic evidence for the Cenozoic pre-extensional geology and paleogeography of this area. Building on prior work, we present new sedimentologic and stratigraphic data, including sandstone provenance and detrital zircon data, to create a more detailed paleogeographic picture of the Lake Mead, Grand Wash Trough, and Hualapai Plateau region from 25 to 18 Ma. These data confirm that sediment was sourced primarily from Paleozoic strata exposed in surrounding Sevier and Laramide uplifts and active volcanic fields to the north. In addition, a distinctive signal of coarse sediment derived from Proterozoic crystalline basement first appeared in the southwestern corner of the basin ca. 25 Ma at the beginning of Rainbow Gardens Formation deposition and then prograded north and east ca. 19 Ma across the southern half of the basin. Regional thermochronologic data suggest that Cretaceous deposits likely blanketed the Lake Mead region by the end of Sevier thrusting. Post-Laramide northward cliff retreat off the Kingman/Mogollon uplifts left a stepped erosion surface with progressively younger strata preserved northward, on which Rainbow Gardens Formation strata were deposited. Deposition of the Rainbow Gardens Formation in general and the 19 Ma progradational pulse in particular may reflect tectonic uplift events just prior to onset of rapid extension at 17 Ma, as supported by both thermochronology and sedimentary data. Data presented here negate the California and Arizona River hypotheses for an “old” Grand Canyon and also negate models wherein the Rainbow Gardens Formation was the depocenter for a 25–18 Ma Little Colorado paleoriver flowing west through East Kaibab paleocanyons. Instead, provenance and paleocurrent data suggest local to regional sources for deposition of the Rainbow Gardens Formation atop a stripped low-relief western Colorado Plateau surface and preclude any significant input from a regional throughgoing paleoriver entering the basin from the east or northeast

Expression and function of the bile acid receptor GpBAR1 (TGR5) in the murine enteric nervous system

BACKGROUND: Bile acids (BAs) regulate cells by activating nuclear and membrane-bound receptors. G protein coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GpBAR1) is a membrane-bound G-protein-coupled receptor that can mediate the rapid, transcription-independent actions of BAs. Although BAs have well-known actions on motility and secretion, nothing is known about the localization and function of GpBAR1 in the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS: We generated an antibody to the C-terminus of human GpBAR1, and characterized the antibody by immunofluorescence and Western blotting of HEK293-GpBAR1-GFP cells. We localized GpBAR1 immunoreactivity (IR) and mRNA in the mouse intestine, and determined the mechanism by which BAs activate GpBAR1 to regulate intestinal motility. KEY RESULTS: The GpBAR1 antibody specifically detected GpBAR1-GFP at the plasma membrane of HEK293 cells, and interacted with proteins corresponding in mass to the GpBAR1-GFP fusion protein. GpBAR1-IR and mRNA were detected in enteric ganglia of the mouse stomach and small and large intestine, and in the muscularis externa and mucosa of the small intestine. Within the myenteric plexus of the intestine, GpBAR1-IR was localized to approximately 50% of all neurons and to >80% of inhibitory motor neurons and descending interneurons expressing nitric oxide synthase. Deoxycholic acid, a GpBAR1 agonist, caused a rapid and sustained inhibition of spontaneous phasic activity of isolated segments of ileum and colon by a neurogenic, cholinergic and nitrergic mechanism, and delayed gastrointestinal transit. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: G protein coupled bile acid receptor 1 is unexpectedly expressed in enteric neurons. Bile acids activate GpBAR1 on inhibitory motor neurons to release nitric oxide and suppress motility, revealing a novel mechanism for the actions of BAs on intestinal motility

Eruptions at Lone Star Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, USA: 1. Energetics and eruption dynamics

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 118 (2013): 4048–4062, doi:10.1002/jgrb.50251.Geysers provide a natural laboratory to study multiphase eruptive processes. We present results from a 4 day experiment at Lone Star Geyser in Yellowstone National Park, USA. We simultaneously measured water discharge, acoustic emissions, infrared intensity, and visible and infrared video to quantify the energetics and dynamics of eruptions, occurring approximately every 3 h. We define four phases in the eruption cycle (1) a 28±3 min phase with liquid and steam fountaining, with maximum jet velocities of 16–28 m s−1, steam mass fraction of less than ∼0.01. Intermittently choked flow and flow oscillations with periods increasing from 20 to 40 s are coincident with a decrease in jet velocity and an increase of steam fraction; (2) a 26±8 min posteruption relaxation phase with no discharge from the vent, infrared (IR), and acoustic power oscillations gliding between 30 and 40 s; (3) a 59±13 min recharge period during which the geyser is quiescent and progressively refills, and (4) a 69±14 min preplay period characterized by a series of 5–10 min long pulses of steam, small volumes of liquid water discharge, and 50–70 s flow oscillations. The erupted waters ascend from a 160–170°C reservoir, and the volume discharged during the entire eruptive cycle is 20.8±4.1 m3. Assuming isentropic expansion, we calculate a heat output from the geyser of 1.4–1.5 MW, which is <0.1% of the total heat output from Yellowstone Caldera.Support comes from NSF (L. Karlstrom, M. Manga), the USGS Volcano Hazards program (S. Hurwitz, F. Murphy, M.J.S. Johnston, and R.B. McCleskey), and WHOI (R. Sohn).2014-02-1

The Potential of Digestate as a Fertilizer

This project will review the use of digestate byproducts from anaerobic digestion as fertilizer for agricultural use