Lapatinib-Loaded Nanocapsules Enhances Antitumoral Effect in Human Bladder Cancer Cell

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) represents the most frequent type of bladder cancer. Recently, studies have focused on molecular tumor classifications in order to diagnose tumor subtypes and predict future clinical behavior. Increased expression of HER1 and HER2 receptors in TTC is related to advanced stage tumors. Lapatinib is an important alternative to treat tumors that presents this phenotype due to its ability to inhibit tyrosine kinase residues associated with HER1 and HER2 receptors. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity induced by LAP-loaded nanocapsules (NC-LAP) compared to LAP in HER-positive bladder cancer cell. The cytotoxicity induced by NC-LAP was evaluated through flow cytometry, clonogenic assay and RT-PCR. NC-LAP at 5 μM reduced the cell viability and was able to induce G0/G1 cell cycle arrest with up-regulation of p21. Moreover, NC-LAP treatment presented significantly higher apoptotic rates than untreated cells and cells incubated with drug-unloaded nanocapsules (NC) and an increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was observed in T24 cell line. Furthermore, clonogenic assay demonstrated that NC-LAP treatment eliminated almost all cells with clonogenic capacity. In conclusion, NC-LAP demonstrate antitumoral effect in HER-positive bladder cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis exhibiting better effects compared to the non-encapsulated lapatinib. Our work suggests that the LAP loaded in nanoformulations could be a promising approach to treat tumors that presents EGFR overexpression phenotype

Vacina terapêutica: avaliação de Mycobacterium bovis BCG recombinante para imunoterapia de câncer superficial de bexiga

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is one of the great success stories of immunotherapy as a treatment for superficial urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. The high incidence of local side effects and presence of non-responder diseases has led to efforts to improve the therapeutic vaccine. Hence, we proposed that an auxotrophic recombinant BCG strain overexpressing Ag85B (BCG ΔleuD/Ag85B), could enhance cytotoxicity to the human bladder carcinoma cell line (5637). This rBCG was generated by incorporating an expression plasmid encoding the mycobacterial antigen Ag85B into the BCG ΔleuD strain. The inhibitory effect of BCG ΔleuD/Ag85B in 5637 cells was determined by the MTT method, morphology observation and the LIVE/DEAD assay. Gene expression profiles for apoptotic genes, cell cycle-related genes and oxidative stress-related genes were investigated by qRT-PCR. Bax, bcl-2 and p53 induction by BCG ΔleuD/Ag85B treatment were evaluated by Western blotting. BCG ΔleuD/Ag85B revealed a superior cytotoxicity effect than the strains used as controls in this study. The results demonstrated that the expression level of pro-apoptotic and cell cycle-related genes increased after BCG ΔleuD/Ag85B treatment, whereas mRNA levels of antiapoptotic genes decreased. Interestingly, BCG ΔleuD/Ag85B also increased the mRNA level of antioxidant enzymes in bladder cancer cell line. Bax and p53 protein levels were increased by BCG ΔleuD/Ag85B treatment. In conclusion, these results suggested that BCG ΔleuD/Ag85B enhanced cytotoxicity on superficial bladder cancer cells in vitro. The therapeutic model using rBCG may have potential for future clinical application in the treatment of bladder cancer.O Bacilo Calmette-Guérin (BCG) constitui uma das grandes histórias de sucesso da imunoterapia como tratamento para carcinoma superficial da bexiga. Porém, a alta incidência de efeitos colaterais locais e a ocorrência de tumores resistentes ao tratamento têm impulsionado estudos visando melhorias da vacina terapêutica. Neste trabalho, propusemos que uma cepa auxotrófica de BCG superexpressando o antígeno Ag85B (BCG ΔleuD/Ag85B), é capaz de aumentar a citotoxicidade na linhagem celular humana de carcinoma superficial de bexiga (5637). A cepa de BCG recombinante foi gerada através da incorporação da sequencia do antígeno Ag85B em um plasmídeo de expressão micobacteriano na cepa de BCG ΔleuD. O efeito inibitório do BCGΔleuD/Ag85B em células 5637 foi determinada através das técnicas colorimétricas MTT e LIVE/DEAD, além de observação morfológica. Os perfis de expressão gênica para genes apoptóticos, genes relacionados ao ciclo celular e genes de estresse oxidativo foram avaliados por qRT-PCR. Os níveis protéicos de bax, bcl-2 e p53 foram avaliados por western blot. O BCG ΔleuD/Ag85B revelou citotoxicidade superior às cepas utilizadas como controle neste estudo. Os resultados obtidos demonstram níveis superiores de expressão de genes pró-apoptóticos e de genes relacionados com o ciclo celular após tratamento com BCG ΔleuD/Ag85B. Níveis inferiores de mRNA de genes antiapoptóticos foram detectados após o mesmo tratamento. Ainda, o tratamento com BCG ΔleuD/Ag85B também elevou os níveis de mRNA de enzimas antioxidantes em linhagem de células de câncer superficial de bexiga. As proteínas Bax e p53 mostraram-se elevadas após tratamento com BCG ΔleuD/Ag85B. Em conclusão, estes resultados sugerem que a cepa de BCG superexpressando Ag85B é capaz de aumentar a citotoxicidade sobre as células de câncer superficial de bexiga in vitro. Este modelo terapêutico usando BCG recombinante possui potencial para uma futura aplicação clínica em tratamento de câncer de bexiga

Nano-BCG: A Promising Delivery System for Treatment of Human Bladder Cancer

Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) remains at the forefront of immunotherapy for treating bladder cancer patients. However, the incidence of recurrence and progression to invasive cancer is commonly observed. There are no established effective intravesical therapies available for patients, whose tumors recur following BCG treatment, representing an important unmet clinical need. In addition, there are very limited options for patients who do not respond to or tolerate chemotherapy due to toxicities, resulting in poor overall treatment outcomes. Within this context, nanotechnology is an emergent and promising tool for: (1) controlling drug release for extended time frames, (2) combination therapies due to the ability to encapsulate multiple drugs simultaneously, (3) reducing systemic side effects, (4) increasing bioavailability, (5) and increasing the viability of various routes of administration. Moreover, bladder cancer is often characterized by high mutation rates and over expression of tumor antigens on the tumor cell surface. Therapeutic targeting of these biomolecules may be improved by nanotechnology strategies. In this mini-review, we discuss how nanotechnology can help overcome current obstacles in bladder cancer treatment, and how nanotechnology can facilitate combination chemotherapeutic and BCG immunotherapies for the treatment of non-muscle invasive urothelial bladder cancer

Methotrexate diethyl ester-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules in aqueous solution increased antineoplastic effects in resistant breast cancer cell line

Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer affecting women. Methotrexate (MTX) is an antimetabolic drug that remains important in the treatment of breast cancer. Its efficacy is compromised by resistance in cancer cells that occurs through a variety of mechanisms. This study evaluated apoptotic cell death and cell cycle arrest induced by an MTX derivative (MTX diethyl ester [MTX(OEt)2]) and MTX(OEt)2-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules in two MTX-resistant breast adenocarcinoma cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The formulations prepared presented adequate granulometric profile. The treatment responses were evaluated through flow cytometry. Relying on the mechanism of resistance, we observed different responses between cell lines. For MCF-7 cells, MTX(OEt)2 solution and MTX(OEt)2-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules presented significantly higher apoptotic rates than untreated cells and cells incubated with unloaded lipid-core nanocapsules. For MDA-MB-231 cells, MTX(OEt)2-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules were significantly more efficient in inducing apoptosis than the solution of the free drug. S-phase cell cycle arrest was induced only by MTX(OEt)2 solution. The drug nanoencapsulation improved apoptosis induction for the cell line that presents MTX resistance by lack of transport receptors

Brazilian Red Propolis Induces Apoptosis-Like Cell Death and Decreases Migration Potential in Bladder Cancer Cells

Natural products continue to be an invaluable resource of anticancer drug discovery in recent years. Propolis is known for its biological activities such as antimicrobial and antitumor effects. This study assessed the effects of Brazilian red propolis (BRP) on apoptosis and migration potential in human bladder cancer cells. The effect of BRP ethanolic extract (25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) on 5637 cells was determined by MTT, LIVE/DEAD, and migration (scratch assay) assays. Apoptosis induction was investigated through flow cytometry and gene expression profile was investigated by qRT-PCR. Results showed cytotoxicity on MTT and LIVE/DEAD assays, with IC50 values of 95 μg/mL in 24 h of treatment. Cellular migration of 5637 cells was significantly inhibited through lower doses of BRP ethanolic extract (25 and 50 μg/mL). Flow cytometry analyses showed that BRP induced cytotoxicity through apoptosis-like mechanisms in 5637 cells and qRT-PCR revealed increased levels of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, p53, AIF, and antioxidant enzymes genes. Data suggest that BRP may be a potential source of drugs to bladder cancer treatment

Methotrexate diethyl ester-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules in aqueous solution increased antineoplastic effects in resistant breast cancer cell line

Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer affecting women. Methotrexate (MTX) is an antimetabolic drug that remains important in the treatment of breast cancer. Its efficacy is compromised by resistance in cancer cells that occurs through a variety of mechanisms. This study evaluated apoptotic cell death and cell cycle arrest induced by an MTX derivative (MTX diethyl ester [MTX(OEt)2]) and MTX(OEt)2-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules in two MTX-resistant breast adenocarcinoma cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The formulations prepared presented adequate granulometric profile. The treatment responses were evaluated through flow cytometry. Relying on the mechanism of resistance, we observed different responses between cell lines. For MCF-7 cells, MTX(OEt)2 solution and MTX(OEt)2-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules presented significantly higher apoptotic rates than untreated cells and cells incubated with unloaded lipid-core nanocapsules. For MDA-MB-231 cells, MTX(OEt)2-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules were significantly more efficient in inducing apoptosis than the solution of the free drug. S-phase cell cycle arrest was induced only by MTX(OEt)2 solution. The drug nanoencapsulation improved apoptosis induction for the cell line that presents MTX resistance by lack of transport receptors