Comparative study of lactulose production through electro-activation technology versus a chemical isomerization process using lactose, whey and whey permeate as feedstocks and valorization of the electro-activated materials to produce valuable metabolites using a kefir culture and Kluyveromyces marxianus

Le lactosérum et le perméat de lactosérum (WP) sont les principaux sous-produits du processus de fabrication du fromage et de la caséine. Ils sont considérés comme des polluants environnementaux en raison de leur charge organique élevée caractérisée par une haute demande biologique et chimique en oxygène. Ils créent un problème majeur d'élimination pour l'industrie laitière en raison des grands volumes de leur production annuelle. Par conséquent, il y a une demande constante de développer une approche durable pour leur utilisation afin d'éviter la pollution de l'environnement. Dans ce contexte, cette étude visait à comparer la technologie d'électro-activation (EA) à un processus d'isomérisation chimique, à alcalinité équivalente de la solution, pour produire du lactulose, qui est un prébiotique reconnu et éprouvé, en utilisant du lactose pur, du lactosérum et du perméat de lactosérum, comme matières premières sources de lactose, et de valoriser les produits électro-activés en produisant des métabolites à haute valeur ajoutée en utilisant une culture de kéfir et une culture pure de Kluyveromyces marxianus comme approche intégrée pour la valorisation complète de ces résidus de l'industrie laitière. La technologie d'électro-activation a été appliquée pour isomériser le lactose en lactulose dans un réacteur d'électro-activation modulé par des membranes échangeuses d'anions et de cations. L'électro-isomérisation du lactose en lactulose a été réalisée en utilisant des solutions de lactose (5, 10, 15 et 20 % p/v), de lactosérum (7, 14 et 21 % p/v) et de perméat de lactosérum (6, 12 et 18 % p/v) sous des intensités de courant électrique de 300, 600 et 900 mA pendant 60 min avec un intervalle d'échantillonnage de 5 min. L'isomérisation chimique conventionnelle a été réalisée à une alcalinité de la solution équivalente au KOH correspondant à celle mesurée dans les substrats électro-activés (lactose, lactosérum et perméat de lactosérum) à chaque intervalle de 5 min en utilisant de la poudre de KOH comme catalyseur à température ambiante (22 ± 2 °C). Les résultats obtenus ont montré que la production de lactulose en utilisant l'approche par électro-activation dépendait de l'intensité du courant électrique, de la concentration de la solution soumise à l'électro-activation et du temps de réaction. Les rendements les plus élevés de lactulose sont de 38 % en utilisant une solution de lactose de 10 % électro-activé pendant 40 min sous 900 mA, de 32 % en utilisant une solution de 7 % de lactosérum électro-activé sous 900 mA pendant 60 min et de 37 % en utilisant une solution de 6 % de perméat de lactosérum électro-activé sous 900 mA pendant 50 min. Parallèlement, les résultats ont montré qu'avec une approche chimique conventionnelle avec du KOH comme catalyseur, les rendements de lactulose étaient de ~27 % en utilisant une solution de 10 % de lactose pendant 60 min et de 25,47 % en utilisant une solution de 6 % de perméat de lactosérum pendant 50 min. Cependant, aucune formation de lactulose n'a été observée en utilisant du lactosérum dans le procédé chimique conventionnel à une alcalinité équivalente de la solution traitée par électro-activation. Les résultats de cette étude ont révélé que la technologie d'électro-activation est plus efficace pour la production du lactulose à partir du lactose pur, du lactosérum et du perméat de lactosérum par rapport au processus d'isomérisation chimique conventionnelle. Par la suite, la faisabilité d'utiliser les substrats à base de lactose électro-activé, du lactosérum électro-activé et du perméat de lactosérum électro-activé comme sources de carbone pour produire de la biomasse riche en protéines et métabolites à valeur commerciale élevée comme des acides organiques (lactique, acétique, citrique et propionique) et des biomolécules aux propriétés aromatiques et gustatives a été étudiée en utilisant une culture microbienne mixte provenant de grains de kéfir comme ferment et une culture pure de Kluyveromyces marxianus. La fermentation a été réalisée pendant 96 h à 30 °C en utilisant les substrats électro-activés et non électro-activés du lactose, du lactosérum et du perméat de lactosérum. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les substrats électro-activés ont permis d'atteindre une croissance de la biomasse la plus élevée en un temps de fermentation réduit comparativement aux substrats non électro-activés en utilisant la culture de kéfir comme agent de fermentation. La croissance cellulaire la plus élevée (6,04 g/L) a été obtenue dans le lactosérum électro-activé après 72 h, qui était 1,7 fois supérieure à ce qui était obtenu dans le milieu clostridien renforcé (RCM). De plus, le lactosérum électro-activé a permis de produire un maximum de 8,46, 3,97, 0,60 et 1,02 g/L d'acide lactique, acétique, citrique et propionique, respectivement. De plus, le lactosérum électro-activé a permis la production de kéfiran la plus élevée de 2,99 g/L, suivi par le lactosérum (2,67 g/L), le perméat de lactosérum électro-activé (2,31 g/L), le perméat de lactosérum (1,88 g/L), le milieu RCM (1,42 g /L), le lactose électro-activé (1,37 g/L) et le lactose (0,91 g/L). Les résultats ont également démontré que divers composés aromatiques volatils étaient produits au cours de la fermentation du lactosérum électro-activé, ce qui peut améliorer les caractéristiques organoleptiques et la qualité sensorielle des produits fermentés. Également, K. marxianus a également montré une production satisfaisante de la biomasse dans tous les substrats utilisés et que le lactosérum électro-activé a permis d'atteindre une biomasse maximale (4,23 g/L) après 96 h de fermentation, suivie du milieu standard YM (4,85 g/L). La biomasse produite avait une teneur élevée en protéines et en lipides (24,43-57,83 et 15,44-25,64 %, respectivement) dépendamment des substrats utilisés et des conditions de fermentation. Plusieurs acides organiques majeurs comme les acides lactique, acétique, citrique et propionique ont été produits pendant la fermentation sur tous les milieux, avec des différences significatives entre les substrats électro-activés et non électro-activés. De plus, K. marxianus a produit divers composés aromatiques volatils aux propriétés organoleptiques appréciées. Le milieu de culture YM a entraîné la plus faible production d'éthanol (8,42 g/L à 48 h) tandis que la plus forte production d'éthanol a été produite dans le lactosérum non électro-activé (28,13 g/L à 48 h), suivi du lactose (27,85 g/L à 48 h), du lactose électro-activé (26,77 g/L à 36 h), du perméat de lactosérum (25,99 à 72 h), du perméat de lactosérum électro-activé (24,66 g/L à 36 h) et du lactosérum électro-activé(22,06 g/L à 48 h). De plus, un maximum de 393,85 à 988,22 mg/L de 2-phényléthanol a été atteint, selon les substrats utilisés. Par conséquent, les résultats de ce projet suggèrent que la technologie d'électro-activation peut être une approche durable émergente permettant d'atteindre le double objectif de production de lactulose, un prébiotique reconnu et éprouvé, et de valorisation intégrale du lactosérum et de ses dérivés en utilisant des bioprocédés à base de culture de kéfir et de K. marxianus pour produire des métabolites à valeur commerciale élevée pour différentes applications; y compris pour l'industrie de l'alimentation humaine et animale. Ainsi, les connaissances obtenues dans ce projet pourront servir à améliorer la valorisation du lactosérum.Whey and whey permeate (WP) are the main agro-industrial by-products from cheese or casein production process that are regarded as environmental pollutants because of their high organic load (high biochemical and chemical oxygen demand) and are creating a major disposal problem for the dairy industry. Consequently, there is a serious demand of developing a sustainable approach for their utilization to evade environmental pollution. In this context, the study was intended to compare the electro-activation (EA) technology with a chemical isomerization process at equivalent solution alkalinity to produce a prebiotic lactulose using lactose, whey, and WP as feedstocks and to valorize the electro-activated materials into valuable metabolites using a whole Kefir culture and a pure culture of Kluyveromyces marxianus as an integrated approach for complete valorization of these waste products. The EA technique was applied to isomerize lactose into lactulose in an EA react or modulated by anion and cation exchange membranes. Electro-isomerization of lactose into lactulose was performed by using lactose (5, 10, 15, and 20%, w/v), whey (7, 14, and 21%, w/v), and WP (6, 12, and 18%, w/v) solutions under current intensities of 300, 600, and 900 mA during 60 min with a sampling interval of 5 min. The conventional chemical isomerization was carried out at the KOH-equivalent solution alkalinity corresponding to that measured in the electro-activated lactose (EA-lactose), electro-activated whey (EA-whey), electro-activated whey permeate (EA-WP) solutions at each 5 min interval using KOH powder as a catalyst at ambient temperature (22 ± 2 °C). The results showed that the production of lactulose using the EA approach was current intensity-, solution concentration-, and reaction time-dependent. The highest lactulose yields of 38 (at 40 min for a 900 mA and 10% lactose solution), 32 (at 60 min for a 900 mA and 7% whey solution), and 36.98% (at 50 min for a 900 mA and 6% WP solution) were achieved for lactose, whey, and WP, respectively. Whereas the maximum lactulose yields of ~27 (at 60 min for 10% lactose solution) and 25.47% (at 50 min for 6% WP solution) were obtained for lactose and WP, respectively. However, no lactulose was produced for whey using the chemical process at the equivalent solution alkalinity as in the EA technique. The outcomes of this study revealed that the EA technology is a more efficient technique for the enhanced production of lactulose from lactose, whey, and WP compared to the convention chemical isomerization process. Thereafter, the feasibility of using electro-activated whey-based substrates including EA-lactose, EA-whey, EA-WP as carbon sources to produce protein enriched biomass and valuable metabolites including organic acids (i.e., lactic, acetic, citric, and propionic acids) and biomolecules with aroma and flavor properties was studied using a mixed microbiota originated from whole kefir grains as a starter culture and a pure culture of Kluyveromyces marxianus ATCC 64884. Fermentation was performed for 96 h at 30 °C using both electro-activated (EA) and non-electroactivated (non-EA) substances of lactose, whey, and WP. The results showed that the EA-substrates achieved a higher biomass growth in a reduced fermentation time than their non-EA mediums using the kefir culture. The highest cell growth (6.04 g/L) was obtained for EA-whey after 72 h which was even 1.7-fold higher than a standard nutrition broth, the reinforced clostridial medium (RCM). Furthermore, EA-whey produced a maximum of 8.46, 3.97, 0.60, and 1.02 g/L of lactic, acetic, citric, and propionic acid, respectively. Moreover, EA-whey achieved the highest kefiran production of 2.99 g/L, followed by the whey (2.67 g/L), EA-WP (2.31 g/L), WP (1.88 g/L), RCM broth (1.42 g/L), EA-lactose (1.37 g/L), and lactose (0.91 g/L). The results also demonstrated that various aromatic volatile compounds were produced during the fermentation of EA-whey, which may increase the organoleptic characteristic/sensory quality of the fermented products. Nevertheless, K. marxianus also demonstrated a satisfactory biomass growth in all substrates used and EA-whey achieved a maximum biomass (4.23 g/L) at 96 h of fermentation followed by YM broth (4.85 g/L). The produced biomass had high protein and lipid content (24.43-57.83, and 15.44-25.64%) depending on the used substrates and fermentation conditions. Several major organic acids including lactic, acetic, citric, propionic acids were produced during the fermentation on all media, with significant differences between electro-activated and non-electro-activated substrates. Furthermore, K. marxianus produced various volatile aroma compounds with valued organoleptic properties. The YM-broth resulted in the lowest ethanol production (8.42 g/L at 48 h) while the highest ethanol was produced in the non-electro-activated whey (28.13 g/L at 48 h), followed by lactose (27.85 g/L at 48 h), EA-lactose (26.77 g/L at 36 h), WP (25.99 at 72 h), EA-WP (24.66 g/L at 36 h), EA-Whey (22.06 g/L at 48 h). Moreover, a maximum of 393.85 to 988.22 mg/L of 2-phenylethanol was achieved, depending on the substrates used. Therefore, the results of this work suggest that the EA technology can be an emergent sustainable technology for achieving dual objectives of prebiotic lactulose production and concurrent valorization of whey and its derivatives in Kefir culture and K. marxianus driven bioprocesses to produce valuable metabolites for different applications including in food and feed industry. Thus, this knowledge is not only helpful to reduce the production cost of dairy industries, but also provide an eco-friendly alternative for the disposal of whey/WP as a part of integrated approach for complete valorization

Microbial lipid accumulation through bioremediation of palm oil mill effluent by co-culturing yeast and bacteria

The discharge of palm oil mill effluent (POME) on arable land causes large amounts of environmental distress due to its high concentration of phenolic compounds, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). On the other hand, the progressive depletion of fossil fuels and mineral resources have also been identified as a future challenge. The approach of simultaneous microbial lipid production through the wastewater treatment could be a potential option to address both renewable energy production and environmental resilience. This study aims to produce microbial lipids using robust oleaginous bacteria and yeast of Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) and Lipomyces starkeyi (L. starkeyi) through the bioremediation of POME in batch mode fermentation. Different concentrations of POME substrates (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were used as nutrients to determine the optimum POME concentration for achieving maximum yield of biomass as well as lipid production. It was observed that among the different dilutions, the moderately diluted solution of POME (50% POME) showed higher microbial growth and lipid accumulation and offered a significantly higher degree of bioremediation. The degree of bioremediation was assessed by evaluating several wastewater parameters (i.e., BOD, COD, total phenol, total organic carbon, etc.) and determining the seed germination index (GI) of Mung bean (Vigna radiata). POME treated with a co-culture inoculum (B. cereus and L. starkeyi) substantially reduced the pollution load, particularly, in COD for 50% POME, thus demonstrating a removal efficiency of 83.66%. Furthermore, POME treated with co-culture inoculum obtained a higher GI value than the other samples (treated by pure cultures and untreated) due to the significant remediation of detrimental organics present in the POME as evidenced by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Nevertheless, the co-culture inoculum was found to have potential for the highest biomass growth (9.16 g/L) and lipid accumulation (2.21 g/L), with a lipid content of 24.12% (dry weight basis) in the 50% (v/v) POME. Lipid composition was analyzed in terms of fatty acid methyl esters using GC-MS. C16 and C18 were found to be the predominant fatty acids in the lipid of co-culture inoculum suggesting the potential of microbial lipid to be used as a biodiesel feedstock. A novel lipid extraction method, namely electroporation (EP) was used to extract microbial lipid and the efficiency of EP was compared with some other conventional methods. The EP demonstrated a higher lipid extraction efficiency of 31.88% (wt.%) compared to the ultrasound (11.89%), Fenton’s reagent (16.80%), and solvent extraction (9.60%). Finally, the influence of several process parameters such as inoculum compositions, pH, temperature, and time on the performance of the COD removal efficiency and lipid accumulation were optimized using response surface methodology. Optimization of co-culture inoculum showed that the inoculum composition, pH, temperature, and time had a significant effect on the performance of the COD removal and lipid accumulation. The maximum COD removal efficiency of 86.54% and lipid accumulation of 2.95 g/L could be obtained while the inoculum composition, pH, temperature, and incubation time were 50:50, 6.50, 32.5 ℃, and 90 h, respectively. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that the co-culture of B. cereus and L. starkeyi could be a promising inoculum for attaining higher biomass growth and lipid production in conjunction with the bioremediation of POME. This combined approach of achieving dual objectives (bioremediation of POME and microbial lipid production) that is utilized in the present study provides a novel strategy for palm oil millers

Augmentation of Air Cathode Microbial Fuel Cell Performance using Wild Type Klebsiella Variicola

In the present work, simultaneous power generation and wastewater treatment in the single chamber air cathode microbial fuel cell (MFC) have been enhanced by introducing wild-type Klebsiella variicola (K. variicola) as an efficient inoculum for the anode operated with palm oil mill effluent (POME). K. variicola was isolated from municipal wastewater (MWW) and identified using BIOLOG gene III analysis, PCR and sequencing. The performance of K. variicola in MFC was evaluated by polarization curve measurement, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis. The MFC with K. variicola achieved a maximum power density of about 1.7 W m−3 which is comparatively higher than most widely used anaerobic sludge (215 mW m−3) as an inoculum whereas COD removal efficiency is (43%) lower than anaerobic sludge (74%). Moreover, K. variicola has the ability to produce electron shuttles and to form biofilms on the electrode surface which helps to significantly reduce the anode charge transfer (Rct) resistance compared to the anaerobic sludge. These results revealed the potential of K. variicola to be used in MFC

Microbial lipid extraction from Lipomyces starkeyi using irreversible electroporation

The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility of using irreversible electroporation (EP) as a microbial cell disruption technique to extract intracellular lipid within short time and in an eco-friendly manner. An EP circuit was designed and fabricated to obtain 4 kV with frequency of 100 Hz of square waves. The yeast cells of Lipomyces starkeyi (L. starkeyi) were treated by EP for 2-10 min where the distance between electrodes was maintained at 2, 4, and 6 cm. Colony forming units (CFU) were counted to observe the cell viability under the high voltage electric field. The forces of the pulsing electric field caused significant damage to the cell wall of L. starkeyi and the disruption of microbial cells was visualized by field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) image. After breaking the cell wall, lipid was extracted and measured to assess the efficiency of EP over other techniques. The extent of cell inactivation was up to 95% when the electrodes were placed at the distance of 2 cm, which provided high treatment intensity (36.7 kWh m ). At this condition, maximum lipid (63 mg g ) was extracted when the biomass was treated for 10 min. During the comparison, EP could extract 31.88% lipid while the amount was 11.89% for ultrasonic and 16.8% for Fenton's reagent. The results recommend that the EP is a promising technique for lowering the time and solvent usage for lipid extraction from microbial biomass. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol

Understanding social distancing intention among university students during Covid-19 outbreak: an application of protection motivation theory

The Covid-19 outbreak has clearly pierced the life of humankinds in almost all countries and all members of the society. Understanding and practicing measures for self-protection and maintaining social distance for prevention of transmission of infection are the new guidelines. This study examined decision factors such as perceived severity, susceptibility, response efficacy, self-efficacy and social distancing intention for students in Malaysia in response to the pandemic. The study was conducted following a quantitative research approach. Primary data were collected through Google form and online social media from 256 students studying in International Islamic University Malaysia. For the purpose of the study, Exploratory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling techniques were performed. The analyses revealed that two variables (response efficacy and selfefficacy) of the protection motivation theory were significant predictors of social distancing intention during the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic crisis. However, perceived severity and perceived susceptibility were not significant predictors of intention to engage in social distancing behaviour. The findings demonstrated that PMT was a constructive framework for understanding intention to engage in social distancing behaviour during a pandemic. The findings may help in filling the intention-behavioral gap in relation to social distancing

Enhanced biohydrogen production from citrus wastewater using anaerobic sludge pretreated by an electroporation technique

In the present study, the applicability of electroporation (EP) has been investigated as a pretreatment method for enriching hydrogen producers and eliminating hydrogen consumers in anaerobic sludge (AS). Citrus wastewater was used as a feed source for biohydrogen production. Different treatment intensities (TI) of EP for 0.5 min (TI = 30 kWh/m3), 1 min (TI = 60 kWh/m3), and 2 min (TI = 120 kWh/m3) were employed to observe the effects of EP on the microbial community of AS. Furthermore, sonication with a probe, sonication in a bath, and heat-shock pretreatments were also conducted to compare the hydrogen yield with EP. The cell inactivation was evaluated and visualized using colony-forming units (CFU) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), respectively. Among the different TIs, the TI of 60 kWh/m3 achieved higher methanogen inactivation with maximum hydrogen (896 mL) production compared to other EP pretreatments after 180 h of dark fermentation. In comparison with other pretreatments, the highest hydrogen production of 896 mL was achieved with EP treatment, followed by sonication with a probe (678 mL) and sonication in a bath (563 mL). The heat-shock pretreatment exhibited the lowest ultimate hydrogen production of 545 mL among the four different methods applied in this study. The outcome of this study suggests that EP is a promising technique for pretreating mixed cultures for the enhanced production of biohydrogen

Environmental and economic life cycle assessment of biochar use in anaerobic digestion for biogas production

Due to the increasing demand for sustainable energy sources and effective management of the ever-increasing volume of organic waste, anaerobic digestion (AD) has continued to play a crucial role in biogas production in recent years. Biochar (BC) is a highly flexible material manufactured by carbonizing organic resources like biomass and trash in line with circular economy standards and “tailor-made” for certain purposes. The capacity of BC as an additive to address various well-established crucial difficulties in AD methods has been extensively studied during the last 10 years. Nevertheless, a comprehensive and credible explanation of the BC-AD link remains elusive. The life cycle analysis (LCA) of the biogas enhancement mechanism would provide a quantitative indicator of its long-term viability. The reported LCA studies of AD processes are analyzed in this chapter, showing that few systematic studies cover the whole process; thus results may be inconclusive. LCA results can be influenced by the heterogeneity of the AD method, reactor structure and conditions, and other influences. The absence of a conventional formation for LCAs utilized to the biogas yield method is a component in the inconsistent LCA results. Other considerations for instance systematic maintenance, transportation, system boundaries, temporal units, allocation preference, and waste disposal must be involved in the LCA plan. Notably, the economic pressure of both upstream and downstream systems should be included in the LCA phase. Inevitably, process design, optimization and modeling, and intensification will be the major future research subjects. This chapter provides a thorough and critical examination of the LCA and its sustainability evaluation for the whole AD procedure, which would be helpful in potential research

Social Business Models for Empowering the Biogas Technology

Biogas is a type of renewable energy which provides clean energy, reduces environmental pollution and greenhouse gas caused by the biological wastes, creates job opportunity for skilled and unskilled persons, and offers new income sources for investors. However, mostly practiced small-scale or family-size biogas plant becomes unsuccessful due to the lack of financial attractiveness. Therefore, it is essential to design a proper financial mode of operation to sustain this technology. The policy makers, investors, and researchers should develop a viable financial mechanism to attract the investors by offering loan with flexible conditions, restructure the subsidies skim, and liberalize the gas grid management and involvement of the end users in biogas project. The engagement of social business concept can stimulate the sustainability of the biogas technology and make it financially gorgeous. This study proposed a number of social business plans and described microeconomic evaluation systems to calculate their commercial viability to improve the survival of biogas technology

Adsorption of Heavy Metals: Mechanisms, Kinetics, and Applications of Various Adsorbents in Wastewater Remediation—A Review

Heavy metal contamination in wastewater is a significant concern for human health and the environment, prompting increased efforts to develop efficient and sustainable removal methods. Despite significant efforts in the last few decades, further research initiatives remain vital to comprehensively address the long-term performance and practical scalability of various adsorption methods and adsorbents for heavy metal remediation. This article aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms, kinetics, and applications of diverse adsorbents in remediating heavy metal-contaminated effluents. Physical and chemical processes, including ion exchange, complexation, electrostatic attraction, and surface precipitation, play essential roles in heavy metal adsorption. The kinetics of adsorption, influenced by factors such as contact time, temperature, and concentration, directly impact the rate and effectiveness of metal removal. This review presents an exhaustive analysis of the various adsorbents, categorized as activated carbon, biological adsorbents, agricultural waste-based materials, and nanomaterials, which possess distinct advantages and disadvantages that are linked to their surface area, porosity, surface chemistry, and metal ion concentration. To overcome challenges posed by heavy metal contamination, additional research is necessary to optimize adsorbent performance, explore novel materials, and devise cost-effective and sustainable solutions. This comprehensive overview of adsorption mechanisms, kinetics, and diverse adsorbents lays the foundation for further research and innovation in designing optimized adsorption systems and discovering new materials for sustainable heavy metal remediation in wastewater

Bioremediation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent and Lipid Production by Lipomyces Starkeyi: A Combined Approach

The discharge of palm oil mill effluent (POME) on arable land causes large amounts of environmental distress due to its high concentration of phenolic compounds and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The approach of simultaneous microbial oil production and wastewater treatment is an attractive option to combine renewable energy production and environmental resilience. This study aims to produce cost effective microbial lipids using the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi through the bioremediation of POME. A moderately dilute solution (50%) of POME showed higher microbial growth and lipid accumulation and offered a significantly higher degree of bioremediation. A lipid content of 21.32% was achieved with 50% POME, whereas the value was 15.14% for 25% POME. Three different techniques including ultrasonic treatment, Fenton's reagent and Fenton's + ultrasonic were employed to extract lipids from microbial biomass, and the maximum lipid concentration was obtained using the Fenton's + ultrasonic treatment. The degree of bioremediation was evaluated by the calculating seed germination index (GI) values. Higher GI values were observed for the 25% and 50% dilutions compared to undiluted (100%) POME. This combined approach can be a potential alternative technology that integrates bioremediation of POME with microbial lipid production