67 research outputs found
Pelaksanaan Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Awak Kapal pada PT Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia (Pelni) Semarang
Penelitian dari pelaksanaan perlindungan hukum bagi awak kapal pada PT.Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia (Pelni) Semarang ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan perlindungan hukum bagi awak kapal serta mengetahui dan menganalisis hambatan-hambatan apa saja yang muncul serta upaya apa yang dilakukan PT Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia (Pelni) Semarang dalam menanggulangi hambatan pelaksanaan perlindungan hukum terhadap pekerja atau anak buah kapal. Hasil penelitian ini adalah jika dilihat dari segi perjanjian kerja laut maka tidak mencerminkan kepastian hukum yang pasti. Segi hak waktu kerja, istirahat, dan cuti, PT.Pelni Semarang telah dapat melaksanakan ketentuan dalam Pasal 79 ayat (2) UU Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan. Segi kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja, PT.Pelni telah sesuai dengan ketentuan dari UU No.1 Tahun 1970 tentang keselamatan kapal dan telah sesuai dengan ketentuan Peraturan Pelaksanaan tentang Kecelakaan Pelaut. Hambatan dalam pelaksanaan perlindungan hukum ini kurangnya kesadaran hukum para pekerja di kapal atau anak buah kapal (ABK), dan Serikat pekerja (SP) dikuasai oleh Perusahaan dan sikap pemerintah pusat yang pasif dalam merespon permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan transportasi laut. Sehingga kesimpulan penulisan ini yaitu dari segi perjanjian kerja laut tidak mencerminkan kepastian hukum yang pasti, hak waktu kerja, istirahat dan cuti, serta segi kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja sudah sesuai dengan ketentuan pelaksanaan perlindungan hukum
Evolution of discourse markers in Czech: case study of vždyť
The main goal of this paper is to analyze one specific Czech discourse marker, vždyť, both from the synchronic and diachronic position. In the context of this analysis, some questions of linguistic methodology are discussed. Most of this analysis focused on its semantic properties, which were described using the NSM methodology (Natural Semantic Metalanguage). NSM allows its users to describe the meaning of grammatical words in natural language, thanks to which a researcher can formulate the expression's function without having to use a complicated and obscure terminology. The resulting definition of vždyť is compared to the description found in Czech dictionaries, whose authors, unlike my approach, describe the meaning of vždyť in terms of multiple senses, polysemy. Apart from semantics, a small part of the chapter is dedicated to the description of other properties of vždyť, e. g. phonetics. In the diachronic analysis, a hypothesis is formulated about the emergence of vždyť from the originally temporal marker vždy, explaining it on the basis of conversational implicatures. That is illustrated by some examples of vždy from the earliest available linguistic data from Czech. I then describe the meaning of vždyť in Old Czech, while speculation about its further development is hindered by the lack of adequate..
Cooperatively Enhanced Ion Pair Binding with a Hybrid Receptor
A simple
18-crown-6-based bis-urea receptor <b>R</b><sup><b>1</b></sup> was synthesized in three steps from a commercial starting
material. The receptor’s behavior toward anions, cations, and
ion pairs was studied in solution with <sup>1</sup>H NMR, in solid
state with single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and in gas phase with
mass spectrometry. In 4:1 CDCl<sub>3</sub>/dimethyl sulfoxide solution
the receptor’s binding preference of halide anions is I<sup>–</sup> < Br<sup>–</sup> < Cl<sup>–</sup> following the trend of the hydrogen-bonding acceptor ability of
the anions. The receptor shows a remarkable positive cooperativity
toward halide anions Cl<sup>–</sup>, Br<sup>–</sup>,
and I<sup>–</sup> when complexed with Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, or Rb<sup>+</sup>. The solid-state binding modes of <b>R</b><sup><b>1</b></sup> with alkali and ammonium halides
or oxyanions were confirmed by the X-ray structures of <b>R</b><sup><b>1</b></sup> with KF, KCl, KBr, KI, RbCl, NH<sub>4</sub>Cl, NH<sub>4</sub>Br, KAcO, K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, and K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. They clearly present two different binding
modes, either as separated or contact ion pairs depending on the nature
and size of the bound cation and anion. Complexation capability of <b>R</b><sup><b>1</b></sup> in the gas phase was studied with
competition experiments with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
showing preference of KCl complexation over NaCl, KBr, or KI supporting
the results obtained in solution
Hierarchical Ordering in Ternary Co-Crystals of C<sub>60</sub>, <i>N</i>‑Benzyl Ammonium Resorcinarene Bromide and Solvent Molecules
Co-crystallization
of C<sub>60</sub> together with an <i>N</i>-benzyl ammonium
resorcinarene bromide from toluene:1,2-dichloroethane
mixture results in ternary co-crystals where the modulated C<sub>60</sub> lattice entraps dimeric resorcinarene assemblies, which, in turn,
have 149 and 280 Å<sup>3</sup> cavities filled with 1,2-dichloroethane
molecules
Concerted Halogen-Bonded Networks with <i>N</i>‑Alkyl Ammonium Resorcinarene Bromides: From Dimeric Dumbbell to Capsular Architectures
<i>N</i>-Alkyl ammonium resorcinarene bromides and 1,4-diiodooctafluorobutane
via multiple intermolecular halogen bonds (XB) form different exotic
supramolecular architectures through subtle changes of the upper rim
substituents. Dimeric dumbbell-like assembly with encapsulated guest
molecules is generated with <i>N</i>-benzyl substituents.
The <i>N</i>-hexyl groups engender an XB-induced polymeric
pseudocapsule and an XB-induced dimeric capsule with entrapped 1,4-dioxane
guest molecules. The <i>N</i>-propyl and <i>N</i>-cyclohexyl groups generate deep cavity cavitands. The deep cavity
cavitands possess cavities for self-inclusion leading to polymeric
herringbone arrangement in one direction and that pack into 3D polymeric
arrangement resembling egg crate-like supramolecular networks. These
assemblies are studied in solution via NMR spectroscopy and in the
solid state via X-ray crystallography
Binding Modes of Nonspherical Anions to <i>N</i>‑Alkylammonium Resorcinarenes in the Solid State
A series of hydrogen bond stabilized <i>N</i>-alkylammonium
resorcinarene salts with nitrate, triflate, and picrate as the counteranions
were synthesized and characterized with <sup>1</sup>H NMR and electrospray
ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. Together with electrostatic interactions,
the binding of the anions with several hydrogen bond donor sites proceeds
through a complex array of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds,
evidenced by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. These <i>N</i>-alkyl ammonium resorcinarenes bind the larger nonspherical
anions into deformed cavitand-like structures and enforce a transformation
of the resorcinarene conformation from almost symmetrical to extremely
distorted
Binding Modes of Nonspherical Anions to <i>N</i>‑Alkylammonium Resorcinarenes in the Solid State
A series of hydrogen bond stabilized <i>N</i>-alkylammonium
resorcinarene salts with nitrate, triflate, and picrate as the counteranions
were synthesized and characterized with <sup>1</sup>H NMR and electrospray
ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. Together with electrostatic interactions,
the binding of the anions with several hydrogen bond donor sites proceeds
through a complex array of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds,
evidenced by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. These <i>N</i>-alkyl ammonium resorcinarenes bind the larger nonspherical
anions into deformed cavitand-like structures and enforce a transformation
of the resorcinarene conformation from almost symmetrical to extremely
distorted
Binding Modes of Nonspherical Anions to <i>N</i>‑Alkylammonium Resorcinarenes in the Solid State
A series of hydrogen bond stabilized <i>N</i>-alkylammonium
resorcinarene salts with nitrate, triflate, and picrate as the counteranions
were synthesized and characterized with <sup>1</sup>H NMR and electrospray
ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. Together with electrostatic interactions,
the binding of the anions with several hydrogen bond donor sites proceeds
through a complex array of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds,
evidenced by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. These <i>N</i>-alkyl ammonium resorcinarenes bind the larger nonspherical
anions into deformed cavitand-like structures and enforce a transformation
of the resorcinarene conformation from almost symmetrical to extremely
distorted
X‑ray Snapshot Observation of Palladium-Mediated Aromatic Bromination in a Porous Complex
Pd-mediated
aromatic bromination is intriguing to synthetic and
organometallic chemists due to both its synthetic utility and, more
importantly, a proposed mechanism involving an uncommon Pd(IV)/Pd(II)
catalytic cycle. Here, we report an X-ray snapshot observation of
a Pd reaction center during a Pd-mediated aromatic bromination in
a single crystal of a porous coordination network crystalline scaffold.
Upon treatment of a single crystal with <i>N</i>-bromosuccinimide,
sequential X-ray snapshots revealed that the aryl-Pd(II)-L species
embedded in the network pores was converted to the brominated aryl
product through a transient aryl-Pd(II)-Br species, which is normally
unobservable because of its rapid dimerization into insoluble Pd<sub>2</sub>(μ-Br)<sub>2</sub> species. Though the reaction pathway
may be biased by the crystalline state, the new X-ray snapshot method
relies on crystalline flasks to provide important mechanistic insight
First Chemosensor for Selective Detection and Quantification of L‑4-Hydroxyproline in Collagen and Other Bio Samples
Amino pyridine-based
rhodamine conjugate (APR) has been developed
as a first chemosensor for selective detection and quantification
of L-4-Hydroxyproline (Hyp). The “turn-on” fluorescence
property of the chemosensor makes it unique for easy estimation of
Hyp in collagen and biological samples
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