Morphological evaluation of common bean diversity in Bosnia and Herzegovina using the discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) multivariate method

In order to analyze morphological characteristics of locally cultivated common bean landraces from Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), thirteen quantitative and qualitative traits of 40 P. vulgaris accessions, collected from four geographical regions (Northwest B&H, Northeast B&H, Central B&H and Sarajevo) and maintained at the Gene bank of the Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences in Sarajevo, were examined. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the proportion of variance retained in the first two principal components was 54.35%. The first principal component had high contributing factor loadings from seed width, seed height and seed weight, whilst the second principal component had high contributing factor loadings from the analyzed traits seed per pod and pod length. PCA plot, based on the first two principal components, displayed a high level of variability among the analyzed material. The discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) created 3 discriminant functions (DF), whereby the first two discriminant functions accounted for 90.4% of the variance retained. Based on the retained DFs, DAPC provided group membership probabilities which showed that 70% of the accessions examined were correctly classified between the geographically defined groups. Based on the taxonomic distance, 40 common bean accessions analyzed in this study formed two major clusters, whereas two accessions Acc304 and Acc307 didn’t group in any of those. Acc360 and Acc362, as well as Acc324 and Acc371 displayed a high level of similarity and are probably the same landrace. The present diversity of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s common been landraces could be useful in future breeding programs

EVALUATION OF AUTOCHTHONOUS KALE (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) GERMPLASM FROM HERZEGOVINA REGION

Proizvodnja raštike u Hercegovini nema veliku komercijalnu važnost, ali se kao povrće uzgaja gotovo na svakom obiteljskom gospodarstvu. U Bosni i Hercegovini do sada nije rađeno na selekciji raštike, no ako se želi razvijati komercijalnu proizvodnju neophodno je iz prirodnih populacija izvršiti selekciju i umnožavanje izdvojenih genotipova, a kasnije oplemenjivanjem poboljšati im određena svojstva. Radi upoznavanja sa stvarnim stanjem i utvrđivanja morfološkog diverziteta između populacija raštike obavljeno je dvogodišnje istraživanje na dijelu hercegovačkog područja. Koristeći službene vodiče (deskriptore) u karakterizaciji autohtonih biljnih genetskih izvora prikupljen je veliki broj podataka o tim materijalima. Analizirana su slijedeća morfološka i agronomska svojstva: broj listova po biljci, dužina plojke, promjer plojke, dužina peteljke, visina biljke u tehnološkoj zrelosti, visina biljke u punoj cvatnji, broj internodija u tehnološkoj zrelosti, broj internodija u punoj cvatnji i ukupni prinos listova po biljci. Na dijelu odabranog materijala izolacijom i samooplodnjom proizvedeno je sjeme koje će služiti za dalje umnožavanje i održavanje te je njime postavljen pokus iduće godine na kojem su praćena ista svojstva kao i prethodne godine. Usporedbom dobivenih podataka prije i nakon samooplodnje utvrđene su značajne razlike između početnih populacija i potomstva dobivenog samooplodnjom.Production of kale in Herzegovina has no high economic significance, but as vegetable kale is grown in most of family farms. There is no selection and breeding on kale in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but for development of commercial production selection of local genotypes and seed multiplication is required, followed with breeding for improving some characteristics. In order to acknowledge actual situation and to identify morphological diversity in population of kale, two years research was conducted in some parts of the Herzegovina region. Using the official guides (descriptors) in the characterization of indigenous plant genetic resources, large amount of data have been collected. Following morphological and agricultural characteristics have been analysed: total number of leaves per plant, length of leaf blades, the diameter of the leaf blades, petiole length, plant height in the technological maturity, plant height in full blossom period, the number of internodes in technological maturity, number of internodes in full bloom, the total yield of leaves per plant. Seeds of described and selected materials have been taken for further reproduction and maintenance. Significant differences were found between original populations and between self fertilized generations in compare to original populations

EVALUATION OF AUTOCHTHONOUS KALE (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) GERMPLASM FROM HERZEGOVINA REGION

Proizvodnja raštike u Hercegovini nema veliku komercijalnu važnost, ali se kao povrće uzgaja gotovo na svakom obiteljskom gospodarstvu. U Bosni i Hercegovini do sada nije rađeno na selekciji raštike, no ako se želi razvijati komercijalnu proizvodnju neophodno je iz prirodnih populacija izvršiti selekciju i umnožavanje izdvojenih genotipova, a kasnije oplemenjivanjem poboljšati im određena svojstva. Radi upoznavanja sa stvarnim stanjem i utvrđivanja morfološkog diverziteta između populacija raštike obavljeno je dvogodišnje istraživanje na dijelu hercegovačkog područja. Koristeći službene vodiče (deskriptore) u karakterizaciji autohtonih biljnih genetskih izvora prikupljen je veliki broj podataka o tim materijalima. Analizirana su slijedeća morfološka i agronomska svojstva: broj listova po biljci, dužina plojke, promjer plojke, dužina peteljke, visina biljke u tehnološkoj zrelosti, visina biljke u punoj cvatnji, broj internodija u tehnološkoj zrelosti, broj internodija u punoj cvatnji i ukupni prinos listova po biljci. Na dijelu odabranog materijala izolacijom i samooplodnjom proizvedeno je sjeme koje će služiti za dalje umnožavanje i održavanje te je njime postavljen pokus iduće godine na kojem su praćena ista svojstva kao i prethodne godine. Usporedbom dobivenih podataka prije i nakon samooplodnje utvrđene su značajne razlike između početnih populacija i potomstva dobivenog samooplodnjom.Production of kale in Herzegovina has no high economic significance, but as vegetable kale is grown in most of family farms. There is no selection and breeding on kale in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but for development of commercial production selection of local genotypes and seed multiplication is required, followed with breeding for improving some characteristics. In order to acknowledge actual situation and to identify morphological diversity in population of kale, two years research was conducted in some parts of the Herzegovina region. Using the official guides (descriptors) in the characterization of indigenous plant genetic resources, large amount of data have been collected. Following morphological and agricultural characteristics have been analysed: total number of leaves per plant, length of leaf blades, the diameter of the leaf blades, petiole length, plant height in the technological maturity, plant height in full blossom period, the number of internodes in technological maturity, number of internodes in full bloom, the total yield of leaves per plant. Seeds of described and selected materials have been taken for further reproduction and maintenance. Significant differences were found between original populations and between self fertilized generations in compare to original populations

Determination of α-solanine content in two varieties of potatoes by the densitometric method

Solanine is a glycoalkaloid found in the Solanaceae family, such as the potato. It is very poisonous even in small quantities because it has pesticide and fungicide effects and represents a natural plant defense mechanism. Its concentration increases when the plant is exposed to the agents that can cause plant stress (fertilization, insecticide use, etc.). This paper aims to examine the influence of three cultivation systems (conventionally, organically and naturally) on the biosynthesis of α-solanine (αS) through his quantification in young potatoes using densitometry. Two varieties of potatoes were analyzed: Aladdin (Ala) and Mona Lisa (MoL). For statistical analysis, the Student\u27s t-test was used. The results showed that the use of artificial insecticides caused a very intense biosynthesis of αS in the conven-tionally grown Ala variety (1.19 mg/100 g of fresh tubers (f.t.)) in comparison to the average α-solanine content (AαSC) by the organically grown Ala (0.62 mg/100 gf.t.) (it is close to the statistical significance, (p=0.08)). It is difficult to explain the very high AαSC of natural Ala cultivation (1.62 mg/100 gf.t.). Analysis of potatoes of the MoL variety showed that the AαSC of conventionally grown potatoes (1.35 mg/100 gf.t.) was statistically higher than the AαSC of naturally grown potatoes (0.59 mg/100 g of f.t.) (p*0.05). Concentrations of αS founded in the case of conventionally, organically and naturally grown potatoes are considered safe and such potatoes are suitable for consumption. However, because of a slight reduction in toxic αS, it is recommended to consume organically grown potatoes (Ala variety), and naturally grown potatoes (MoL variety)

Uticaj primjene različitih biljnih hormona na parametre kvaliteta presadnica paprike (Capsicum annuum L. cv. 'Sivrija')

Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio ispitati uticaj primjene različitih koncentracija sintetski proizvedenih biljnih hormonana parametre razvoja presadnica paprike (Capsicum annuum L. cv. 'Sivrija'). Biljni hormoni korišteni u ovom ogledu bili su indol-sirćetna kiselina (IAA), indol-butilna kiselina (IBA) i benzil adenin (BA), a svaki od njih primijenjen je u pet različitih koncentracija: 100, 300, 500, 1000 i 3000 mg l-1.Od parametara kvaliteta presadnica paprike u ovom istraživanju ispitivani su: masa svježe tvari korijena, broj korijenovih dlačica po jedinici površine korijena, površina listova, te sadržaj fotosintetskih pigmenata u listovima.Najveći uticaj na povećanje ispitivanih parametara kvaliteta presadnica paprike je iskazala primjenahormonaIAA i IBA u koncentracijama 100 i 300 mg l-1 , te se iste preporučuju za primjenu kod uzgoja presadnica paprike (Capsicum annuum L. cv. 'Sivrija').U varijantama gdje su hormoni IAA, IBA i BA primijenjeniu koncentracijama od 500 i više mg l-1 mlade presadnice paprike nisu uspjele nastaviti svoj životni ciklus, te je došlo do njihovog venuća, što se može objasniti činjenicom da previsoka koncentracija hormona može iskazati i herbicidni učinak na biljku, posebno u ranim stadijima razvoja biljke

Quantification of Selected Toxic and Potentially Toxic Elements in Vegetables, and Health Risk Assessment

Vegetables play an important role in human nutrition and their importance in diet is determined by its chemical composition. Numerous studies indicate a high degree of contamination of soil and plants produced in certain agro-ecological conditions, especially near urban and industrial areas. Accordingly, toxic and potentially toxic elements (aluminum, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc) were quantified in edible parts of four vegetable species (potato, cabbage, carrot and broccoli) by means of inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES). In addition, health risk assessment was done and expressed through estimated weekly intake of elements (EWI) and hazard quotient (HQ). Samples of each species originating from different localities were collected from three green markets in the city of Belgrade (Serbia). The content of studied elements ranged from 1.32 to 4.00, 0.31 to 5.77, 3.50 to 23.11, 1.82 to 11.17 and 2.11 to 10.62 mg/kg for aluminum, cooper, manganese, nickel and zinc, respectively. Chromium was detected in carrot sample (1.76 mg/kg), whereas concentration of lead in two samples of broccoli exceeded the maximum allowed concentration (>0.3 mg/kg) set by the national regulations. The average estimated weekly intakes for Al, Cu, and Zn were within the safe limits set by FAO/WHO, while for Ni and Pb in some vegetables were considerably higher than proposed values. In respect to the obtained results, a great weekly health risk was indicated for chromium, nickel and lead with the highest HQ values: 2.44, 10.32 and 2.02, respectively. The results of the study impose the necessity for continuous monitoring of harmful elements content in individual vegetable crops as well as strict regulative guide-lines in order to diminish possibility of contamination

Content and Nutritional Value of Selected Biogenic Elements in Monofloral Sunflower Bee-Collected Pollen from Serbia

Pollen (floral or bee-collected) can be used as a good source of different nutrients including several important biogenic elements (minerals). The aim of this study was to determine content of selected biogenic elements (phosphorous, potassium, sulphur, calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc) in monofloral bee-collected pollen originated from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants grown in Serbia and to estimate its nutritional value regarding to elements content. In that purpose ICP-OES analytical method was applied. According to obtained results the examined pollen sample contains above mentioned elements in following quantities: P – 3523.98 mg/kg; K – 2869.13 mg/kg; S – 1951.74 mg/kg; Ca – 1919.20 mg/kg; Mg – 654.36 mg/kg; Fe –83.55 mg/kg; Zn – 45.92 mg/kg of dry weight. Based on recommended daily intakes for iron, phosphorus and zinc application of pollen, as food or food ingredient, will cover meaningful part of human needs for these three important elements