”Jokainen lapsi on ainutlaatuinen ja arvokas juuri sellaisena kuin hän on”:yksilöllisyys varhaiskasvatuksessa

Tiivistelmä. Kandidaatintutkielmamme käsittelee narratiivisen kirjallisuuskatsauksen keinoin yksilöllisyyden huomioimista varhaiskasvatuksessa. Tutkielmamme pohjalla toimii Varhaiskasvatussuunnitelman perusteet (2016), jota täydentää aiheesta tehty tutkimus ja kirjallisuus. Varhaiskasvatussuunnitelman perusteissa yksilöllisyys tulee esille useissa kohdissa, mistä voi päätellä, että yksilöllisyyden huomioon ottaminen on tärkeää varhaiskasvatuksen arjessa. Varhaiskasvatussuunnitelman perusteissa (2016, 19) todetaan muun muassa, että ”Jokainen lapsi on ainutlaatuinen ja arvokas juuri sellaisenaan kuin hän on. Jokaisella lapsella on oikeus tulla kuulluksi, nähdyksi, huomioon otetuksi ja ymmärretyksi omana itsenään sekä yhteisönsä jäsenenä.” Tutkielmassa käsittelemme yksilöllisyyden huomioimiseen liittyvien tekijöiden lisäksi hieman myös muutamaa tekijää, joiden alle yksilöllisyys on vaarassa joissain tilanteissa jäädä, eli sukupuolta, monikulttuurisuutta ja ikää. Varhaiskasvatussuunnitelman perusteiden (2016) mukaan yksilöllisyys tulee huomioida toimintakulttuurissa, joka kattaa muun muassa oppimisympäristön ja -käsityksen, työtavat ja vuorovaikutuksen. Nämä samat tekijät nousivat esille myös tutkimusmateriaaleissa, joita tutkimusta varten kävimme läpi. Toimintakulttuuria tulee muokata siten, että se ottaa huomioon erilaiset tarpeet, joita lapsilla on. Varhaiskasvatuksen oppimiskäsityksen tulee huomioida muun muassa lasten kiinnostuksen kohteet ja oppimisympäristön sekä lapsiryhmän moninaisuus ja yksilölliset tarpeet. Työtavoista esille yksilöllisen huomioimisen kannalta nousi havainnointi ja dokumentointi. Tavalla, jolla kasvattaja kohtaa lapsen sekä on hänen kanssaan vuorovaikutuksessa voi tulkita olevan myös vaikutuksensa

Iterative and discrete reconstruction in the evaluation of the rabbit model of osteoarthritis

Micro-computed tomography (µCT) is a standard method for bone morphometric evaluation. However, the scan time can be long and the radiation dose during the scan may have adverse effects on test subjects, therefore both of them should be minimized. This could be achieved by applying iterative reconstruction (IR) on sparse projection data, as IR is capable of producing reconstructions of sufficient image quality with less projection data than the traditional algorithm requires. In this work, the performance of three IR algorithms was assessed for quantitative bone imaging from low-resolution data in the evaluation of the rabbit model of osteoarthritis. Subchondral bone images were reconstructed with a conjugate gradient least squares algorithm, a total variation regularization scheme, and a discrete algebraic reconstruction technique to obtain quantitative bone morphometry, and the results obtained in this manner were compared with those obtained from the reference reconstruction. Our approaches were sufficient to identify changes in bone structure in early osteoarthritis, and these changes were preserved even when minimal data were provided for the reconstruction. Thus, our results suggest that IR algorithms give reliable performance with sparse projection data, thereby recommending them for use in µCT studies where time and radiation exposure are preferably minimized. © 2018, The Author(s).Peer reviewe

Validity of self-reported exposure to shift work

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity of widely used questionnaire items on work schedule using objective registry data as reference. METHOD: A cohort study of hospital employees who responded to a self-administered questionnaire on work schedule in 2008, 2012 and 2014 and were linked to individual-level pay-roll-based records on work shifts. For predictive validity, leisure-time fatigue was assessed. RESULTS: According to the survey data in 2014 (n=8896), 55% of the day workers had at least 1 year of earlier shift work experience. 8% of the night shift workers changed to day work during the follow-up. Using pay-roll data as reference, questions on ‘shift work with night shifts’ and ‘permanent night work’ showed high sensitivity (96% and 90%) and specificity (92% and 97%). Self-reported ‘regular day work’ showed moderate sensitivity (73%), but high specificity (99%) and ‘shift work without night shifts’ showed low sensitivity (62%) and moderate specificity (87%). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the age-adjusted, sex-adjusted and baseline fatigue-adjusted association between ‘shift work without night shifts’ and leisure-time fatigue was lower for self-reported compared with objective assessment (1.30, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.82, n=1707 vs 1.89, 95% CI 1.06 to 3.39, n=1627). In contrast, shift work with night shifts, compared with permanent day work, was similarly associated with fatigue in the two assessments (2.04, 95% CI 1.62 to 2.57, n=2311 vs 1.82, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.58, n=1804). CONCLUSIONS: The validity of self-reported assessment of shift work varies between work schedules. Exposure misclassification in self-reported data may contribute to bias towards the null in shift work without night shifts

Determining collagen distribution in articular cartilage using contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography

Objective: Collagen distribution within articular cartilage (AC) is typically evaluated from histological sections, e.g., using collagen staining and light microscopy (LM). Unfortunately, all techniques based on histological sections are time-consuming, destructive, and without extraordinary effort, limited to two dimensions. This study investigates whether phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and phosphomolybdic acid (PMA), two collagen-specific markers and X-ray absorbers, could (1) produce contrast for AC X-ray imaging or (2) be used to detect collagen distribution within AC. Method: We labeled equine AC samples with PTA or PMA and imaged them with micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) at pre-defined time points 0, 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, 180, 270 h during staining. The micro-CT image intensity was compared with collagen distributions obtained with a reference technique, i.e., Fourier-transform infrared imaging (FTIRI). The labeling time and contrast agent producing highest association (Pearson correlation, BlandeAltman analysis) between FTIRI collagen distribution and micro-CT -determined PTA distribution was selected for human AC. Results: Both, PTA and PMA labeling permitted visualization of AC features using micro-CT in non-calcified cartilage. After labeling the samples for 36 h in PTA, the spatial distribution of X-ray attenuation correlated highly with the collagen distribution determined by FTIRI in both equine (mean +/- S.D. of the Pearson correlation coefficients, r = 0.96 +/- 0.03, n = 12) and human AC (r = 0.82 +/- 0.15, n = 4). Conclusions: PTA-induced X-ray attenuation is a potential marker for non-destructive detection of AC collagen distributions in 3D. This approach opens new possibilities in development of non-destructive 3D histopathological techniques for characterization of OA. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd and Osteoarthritis Research Society International.Peer reviewe

3D morphometric analysis of calcified cartilage properties using micro-computed tomography

Objective: Our aim is to establish methods for quantifying morphometric properties of calcified cartilage (CC) from micro-computed tomography (mu CT). Furthermore, we evaluated the feasibility of these methods in investigating relationships between osteoarthritis (OA), tidemark surface morphology and open subchondral channels (OSCCs). Method: Samples (n = 15) used in this study were harvested from human lateral tibial plateau (n = 8). Conventional roughness and parameters assessing local 3-dimensional (3D) surface variations were used to quantify the surface morphology of the CC. Subchondral channel properties (percentage, density, size) were also calculated. As a reference, histological sections were evaluated using Histopathological osteoarthritis grading (OARSI) and thickness of CC and subchondral bone (SCB) was quantified. Results: OARSI grade correlated with a decrease in local 3D variations of the tidemark surface (amount of different surface patterns (r(s) = -0.600, P = 0.018), entropy of patterns (EP) (r(s) = -0.648, P = 0.018), homogeneity index (HI) (r(s) = 0.555, P = 0.032)) and tidemark roughness (TMR) (r(s) = -0.579, P = 0.024). Amount of different patterns (ADP) and EP associated with channel area fraction (CAF) (r(p) = 0.876, P <0.0001; r(p) = 0.665, P = 0.007, respectively) and channel density (CD) (r(p) = 0.680, P = 0.011; r(p) = 0.582, P = 0.023, respectively). TMR was associated with CAF (r(p) = 0.926, P <0.0001) and average channel size (r(p) = 0.574, P = 0.025). CC topography differed statistically significantly in early OA vs healthy samples. Conclusion: We introduced a mu-CT image method to quantify 3D CC topography and perforations through CC. CC topography was associated with OARSI grade and OSCC properties; this suggests that the established methods can detect topographical changes in tidemark and CC perforations associated with OA. (c) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Osteoarthritis Research Society International. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

Objective working hour characteristics and work-life conflict among hospital employees in the Finnish public sector study

This epidemiological cohort study, based on Finnish public sector data, investigated the associations between objective working hour characteristics and work-life conflict in day and shift work. The comprehensive data of hospital workers (n = 8 931, 92% women, average age 45 years), consisted of survey responses from 2012, linked with the payroll data of working hour characteristics from 91 days preceding the survey. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the associations between working hour characteristics and experiencing work-life conflict often/very often. The analyses were adjusted for age (50 years), sex, level of education, marital status, number of small (0-6 years) and school-aged (7-18 years) children, and the overall stressfulness of the life situation. We also conducted stratified analyses of age and sex on the basis of significant interactions. Difficulties in combining work and life were more often associated with shift work without night shifts and shift work with night shifts than with day work (41% and 34 versus 27%; OR for shift work with night shifts 1.78, 95% CI 1.59-2.00, OR for shift work without night shifts 1.42, 95% CI 1.26-1.60). A high proportion (> 25%) of long (> 40h, (OR 1.26, 95% 1.14-1.39) and very long (> 48h, OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.15-1.49) weekly working hours were associated with work-life conflict, and in the stratified analysis, the latter was also true among women (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.25-1.89). Of the unsocial working hour characteristics, a relatively large amount (> 10% of all shifts) of evening (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.41-1.72) and night shifts (OR 1.46, 95%CI 1.32-1.61), a high proportion (> 25% of all shifts) of quick returns ( 25% of all days off) was associated with work-life conflict among men (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.11-3.25), but not in the whole sample. When the two types of shift work were analyzed separately, shift work without night shifts and very long work weeks had higher odds (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.20-1.80) of work-life conflict than shift work with night shifts. Conversely, weekend work and evening shifts had higher odds of work-life conflict among shift workers with night shifts (OR 1.74, 95% 1.55-1.96; (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.40-1.77) than among those without night shifts. To conclude, this study shows that shift workers with and without night shifts more often have difficulties combining work and life than day workers. Several unsocial working hour characteristics, including long work weeks, evening and night shifts, weekend work, and quick returns, are associated with work-life conflict

Effects of Articular Cartilage Constituents on Phosphotungstic Acid Enhanced Micro-Computed Tomography

Contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography (CE mu CT) with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) has shown potential for detecting collagen distribution of articular cartilage. However, the selectivity of the PTA staining to articular cartilage constituents remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the dependence of PTA for the collagen content in bovine articular cartilage. Adjacent bovine articular cartilage samples were treated with chondroitinase ABC and collagenase to degrade the proteoglycan and the collagen constituents in articular cartilage, respectively. Enzymatically degraded samples were compared to the untreated samples using CE mu CT and reference methods, such as Fourier-transform infrared imaging. Decrease in the X-ray attenuation of PTA in articular cartilage and collagen content was observed in cartilage depth of 0-13% and deeper in tissue after collagen degradation. Increase in the X-ray attenuation of PTA was observed in the cartilage depth of 13- 39% after proteoglycan degradation. The X-ray attenuation of PTA-labelled articular cartilage in CE mu CT is associated mainly with collagen content but the proteoglycans have a minor effect on the X-ray attenuation of the PTA-labelled articular cartilage. In conclusion, the PTA labeling provides a feasible CE mu CT method for 3D characterization of articular cartilage.Peer reviewe

Shift work with and without night work as a risk factor for fatigue and changes in sleep length: A cohort study with linkage to records on daily working hours

We examined shift work with or without night work as a risk factor for fatigue and short or long sleep. In a prospective cohort study with 4- and 6-year follow-ups (the Finnish Public Sector study), we linked survey responses of 3,679 full-time hospital employees on sleep duration and fatigue to records on daily working hours in 2008 (baseline), 2012 and 2014. We used logistic regression to estimate risk ratios and their confidence intervals to examine whether continuous exposure to shift work or changes between shift work and day work were associated with short (≤6.5 hr) or long (≥9.0 hr) sleep over 24 hr and fatigue at work and during free days. Compared with continuous day work and adjusting for age, gender, education and fatigue/sleep duration at baseline, continuous shift work with night shifts was associated with increased fatigue during free days (risk ratio = 1.38, 95% confidence interval 1.17-1.63) and long sleep (risk ratio = 8.04, 95% confidence interval 2.88-22.5, without adjustment for education) after 6-year follow-up. Exposure to shift work without night shifts increased only long sleep after 6 years (risk ratio = 5.87, 95% confidence interval 1.94-17.8). A change from day work to shift work with or without night shifts was associated with an increased risk for long sleep, and a change from shift work to day work with a decreased risk for long sleep and fatigue. This study suggests that irregular shift work is a modifiable risk factor for long sleep and increased fatigue, probably reflecting a higher need for recovery

An Automatic Regularization Method : An Application for 3-D X-Ray Micro-CT Reconstruction Using Sparse Data

X-ray tomography is a reliable tool for determining the inner structure of 3-D object with penetrating X-rays. However, traditional reconstruction methods, such as Feldkamp-Davis-Kress (FDK), require dense angular sampling in the data acquisition phase leading to long measurement times, especially in X-ray micro-tomography to obtain high-resolution scans. Acquiring less data using greater angular steps is an obvious way for speeding up the process and avoiding the need to save huge data sets. However, computing 3-D reconstruction from such a sparsely sampled data set is difficult because the measurement data are usually contaminated by errors, and linear measurement models do not contain sufficient information to solve the problem in practice. An automatic regularization method is proposed for robust reconstruction, based on enforcing sparsity in the 3-D shearlet transform domain. The inputs of the algorithm are the projection data and a priori known expected degree of sparsity, denoted as 0 <C-prPeer reviewe

Association of changes in work shifts and shift intensity with change in fatigue and disturbed sleep: a within-subject study

Objectives The aim of this study was to examine whether changes in work shifts and shift intensity are related to changes in difficulties to fall asleep, fatigue, and sleep length.Methods Questionnaire responses of hospital employees (N=7727, 93% women) in 2008, 2012, 2014 and 2015 were linked to daily-based records of working hours during three months preceding each survey. We used conditional logistic regression and longitudinal fixed-effects analyses to investigate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each 25% within-individual change in the proportion of working hour characteristics in relation to changes in fatigue, difficulties to fall asleep, and 24-hour sleep length.Results Change in night but not in morning or evening shifts was associated with parallel changes in odds for longer sleep length (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.28-1.64) and fatigue during free days (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.16-1.64). Similarly, short shift intervals and having >2 but not >4 consecutive night shifts were associated with increased odds of fatigue during work and difficulties to fall asleep (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.19-1.72 and OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.05-1.19, respectively). Among workers aged >= 50 years, the associations were the strongest between night shifts and longer sleep (OR 2.24,95% CI 1.52-3.81) and between higher proportion of short shift intervals and fatigue during free days (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.10-2.54).Conclusions Among shift workers with fatigue or sleep problems, decreasing the proportion of night shifts and quick returns and giving preference to quickly forward-rotating shift systems may reduce fatigue