Pursuing Energy-Efficient Behavior in a Regulatory Environment: Motivating Policymakers, Program Administrators, and Program Implementers

This white paper examines how policymakers, program administrators, and program implementers can be motivated to pursue behavioral change in a regulatory environment. For the purposes of this report, behavior change is defined rather broadly, encompassing both behaviors associated with the purchase and installation of energy efficiency technologies as well as behaviors, decisions, and actions that might be thought of as more independent of technology. These include energy use habits, lifestyle choices, and consumption patterns. The insights and lessons discussed in this paper are drawn from a wide variety of sources including interviews with representatives from the energy and utility communities, and program documentation for energy-related programs and projects

COBE's search for structure in the Big Bang

The launch of Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) and the definition of Earth Observing System (EOS) are two of the major events at NASA-Goddard. The three experiments contained in COBE (Differential Microwave Radiometer (DMR), Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS), and Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE)) are very important in measuring the big bang. DMR measures the isotropy of the cosmic background (direction of the radiation). FIRAS looks at the spectrum over the whole sky, searching for deviations, and DIRBE operates in the infrared part of the spectrum gathering evidence of the earliest galaxy formation. By special techniques, the radiation coming from the solar system will be distinguished from that of extragalactic origin. Unique graphics will be used to represent the temperature of the emitting material. A cosmic event will be modeled of such importance that it will affect cosmological theory for generations to come. EOS will monitor changes in the Earth's geophysics during a whole solar color cycle

Validation of a patient-administered questionnaire to measure the activity impairment experienced by women with uncomplicated urinary tract infection: the Activity Impairment Assessment (AIA)

BACKGROUND: To validate a questionnaire to assess the activity impairment associated with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (uUTI). METHODS: The Activity Impairment Assessment (AIA) assesses the amount of time an individual's work or regular activities have been impaired as a result of their UTI. The measure was completed by 276 women with uUTI who had participated in a prospective, open-label, non-comparative multi-centre clinical trial of CIPRO(® )XR (extended-release ciprofloxacin). Baseline scores on the King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) and clinical symptom evaluations were collected for validation purposes. RESULTS: An exploratory factor analysis showed that all items loaded >0.84 on a single component. This uni-dimensional structure was supported by Rasch analysis. The AIA was found to have excellent levels of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.93), convergent validity (all r(s )>.70) and divergent validity (r(s )= .078). The AIA displayed excellent discriminant validity in relation to clinical evaluations, and was found to be responsive to change across all clinical evaluations. CONCLUSION: The unidimensional AIA shows high levels of internal reliability, convergent and divergent validity, discriminant validity and responsiveness. It is an excellent tool for measuring activity impairment in UTI

Policy Brief No. 2 - Gender differences in family/friend caregiving in Canada

Family/friend caregivers comprise the backbone of the Canadian health care system. They provide 70-80% of care to individuals with a chronic health problem or disability at an estimated value of $25-26 billion annually. For those who develop policies and programs to support the family/friend care sector, it is critical to understand the characteristics of current family/friend caregivers. Using data from Statistics Canada’s 2007 General Social Survey (GSS) on family, social support, and retirement, we describe the characteristics of family/friend caregivers age 45 and older in Canada

Policy Brief No. 3 - Employment consequences of family/friend caregiving in Canada

There are more than 2.3M employed family/friend caregivers in Canada. Their multiple competing demands come with the risk of such negative employment consequences as missing work days, reducing work hours or foregoing job opportunities. These carerelated employment consequences have economic costs for caregivers, their families and their employers. Using Statistics Canada’s 2007 General Social Survey (GSS), we describe the characteristics of employed family/friend caregivers age 45 and older in Canada and the impact caregiving has on their employment

Differences in visceral adipose tissue and biochemical cardiometabolic risk markers in elite rugby union athletes of Caucasian and Polynesian descent

Polynesian individuals are leaner with greater musculature than Caucasians of an equivalent size, and this genetically different morphology provides a physique that is often compatible with success in a number of sports, including rugby union. Evidence indicates that Polynesians have greater stores of absolute and relative abdominal fat mass and this is known to confer cardiometabolic risk. The aims of this study were to (1) explore the relationship between ethnicity, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and cardiometabolic disease risk markers in elite Caucasian and Polynesian rugby union athletes, and (2) assess the impact of a pre-season training programme on these markers. Twenty-two professional rugby union athletes of Caucasian (n = 11) and Polynesian (n = 11) descent underwent physique assessment via surface anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and magnetic resonance imaging before and after an 11-week pre-season. A fasted blood test was undertaken at both time points. Compared to Caucasians, at baseline Polynesians displayed significantly higher VAT (771 ± 609 cm3 vs 424 ± 235 cm3; p = 0.043), triglycerides (1.0 ± 0.9 mmol/L vs 0.6 ± 0.2 mmol/L; p = 0.050), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.1 ± 0.9 mmol/L vs 2.3 ± 0.7 mmol/L; p = 0.019). Similar changes were observed in both groups over the pre-season period in VAT and blood biochemical markers. Polynesian rugby union athletes were more likely than Caucasians to exhibit risk factors associated with cardiometabolic disease, such as elevated VAT and unfavourable lipid profiles. Further longitudinal research is required to identify and explain the short- and long-term risk of cardiometabolic disease in athletes of Polynesian descent

Assessment of abdominal fat compartments using DXA in premenopausal women from anorexia nervosa to morbid obesity

Objective: The purpose of this study was to test a newly developed DXA method for abdominal fat depot quantification in subjects with AN, normal weight, and obesity using CT as a gold standard. Design and Methods 135 premenopausal women (overweight/obese: n=89, normal-weight: n=27, AN: n=19); abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and total adipose tissue (TAT) areas determined on CT and DXA. Results: There were strong correlations between DXA and CT measurements of abdominal fat compartments in all groups with the strongest correlation coefficients in the normal-weight and overweight/obese groups. Correlations of DXA and CT VAT measurements were strongest in the obese group and weakest in the AN group. DXA abdominal fat depots were higher in all groups compared to CT, with the largest % mean difference in the AN group and smallest in the obese group. Conclusions: A new DXA technique is able to assess abdominal fat compartments including VAT in premenopausal women across a large weight spectrum However, DXA measurements of abdominal fat were higher than CT, and this percent bias was most pronounced in the AN subjects and decreased with increasing weight, suggesting that this technique may be more useful in obese individuals

Individual Response to Risk As a Function of Normative Social Pressure: A Pilot Study of Seat Belt Use

The authors attempt to clarify some of the variables that influence whether people act appropriately when a Risk is substantial and subject to individual control. They do so by reporting results of a pilot study of seat belt use. Also, the authors believe their approach to be generalizable to problems such as encouraging people to test for radon, to use condoms to prevent AIDS or to quit smoking

Prognosis and oncogenomic profiling of patients with tropomyosin receptor kinase fusion cancer in the 100,000 genomes project

INTRODUCTION: Neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) gene fusions are oncogenic drivers in various tumor types. Limited data exist on the overall survival (OS) of patients with tumors with NTRK gene fusions and on the co-occurrence of NTRK fusions with other oncogenic drivers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included patients enrolled in the Genomics England 100,000 Genomes Project who had linked clinical data from UK databases. Patients who had undergone tumor whole genome sequencing between March 2016 and July 2019 were included. Patients with and without NTRK fusions were matched. OS was analyzed along with oncogenic alterations in ALK, BRAF, EGFR, ERBB2, KRAS, and ROS1, and tumor mutation burden (TMB) and microsatellite instability (MSI). RESULTS: Of 15,223 patients analyzed, 38 (0.25%) had NTRK gene fusions in 11 tumor types, the most common were breast cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC), and sarcoma. Median OS was not reached in both the NTRK gene fusion-positive and -negative groups (hazard ratio 1.47, 95% CI 0.39-5.57, P = 0.572). A KRAS mutation was identified in two (5%) patients with NTRK gene fusions, and both had hepatobiliary cancer. High TMB and MSI were both more common in patients with NTRK gene fusions, due to the CRC subset. While there was a higher risk of death in patients with NTRK gene fusions compared to those without, the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: This study supports the hypothesis that NTRK gene fusions are primary oncogenic drivers and the co-occurrence of NTRK gene fusions with other oncogenic alterations is rare