Komentovaný překlad: Proč je v noci tma? Příběh paradoxu temného nebe. ZAMAROVSKÝ, Peter. 2. vyd. Praha: AGA, 2011, s. 9 - 29, 43 - 65. ISBN: 978-80-904582-1-5.

Tato bakalářská práce se skládá ze dvou částí. První část představuje překlad vybraných kapitol z knihy Petera Zamarovského Proč je v noci tma? Příběh paradoxu temného nebe (s. 9-29, 43-65) do ruštiny. Druhá část obsahuje komentář k překladu rozdělený na následující kapitoly: Analýza originálu, Koncepce překladu, Typologie překladatelských problémů, Typologie překladatelských posunů. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)This bachelor thesis consists of two parts. The first part is a russian translation of the selected chapters from the book Proč je v noci tma? Příběh paradoxu temného nebe (pp. 9-29, 43-65) written by Peter Zamarovsky. The second part contains a commentary on the translation. The commentary includes the following sections: Analysis of the source text, Concept of translation, Typology of translation problems, Typology of translation shifts. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)Institute of Translation StudiesÚstav translatologieFilozofická fakultaFaculty of Art

Thermogenic Characterization and Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida auris by Microcalorimetry

Candida auris has emerged globally as a multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen. Isolates of C. auris are reported to be misidentified as Candida haemulonii. The aim of the study was to compare the heat production profiles of C. auris strains and other Candida spp. and evaluate their antifungal susceptibility using isothermal microcalorimetry. The minimum heat inhibitory concentrations (MHIC) and the minimum biofilm fungicidal concentration (MBFC) were defined as the lowest antimicrobial concentration leading to the lack of heat flow production after 24 h for planktonic cells and 48 h for biofilm-embedded cells. C. auris exhibited a peculiar heat production profile. Thermogenic parameters of C. auris suggested a slower growth rate compared to Candida lusitaniae and a different distinct heat profile compared to that of C. haemulonii species complex strains, although they all belong to the Metschnikowiaceae clade. Amphotericin B MHIC and MBFC were 0.5 µg/mL and ≥8 µg/mL, respectively. C. auris strains were non-susceptible to fluconazole at tested concentrations (MHIC > 128 µg/mL, MBFC > 256 µg/mL). The heat curve represents a fingerprint of C. auris, which distinguished it from other species. Treatment based on amphotericin B represents a potential therapeutic option for C. auris infection

Comparison of Sonication With Chemical Biofilm Dislodgement Methods Using Chelating and Reducing Agents: Implications for the Microbiological Diagnosis of Implant Associated Infection

The diagnosis of implant-associated infections is hampered due to microbial adherence and biofilm formation on the implant surface. Sonication of explanted devices was shown to improve the microbiological diagnosis by physical removal of biofilms. Recently, chemical agents have been investigated for biofilm dislodgement such as the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT). We compared the activity of chemical methods for biofilm dislodgement to sonication in an established in vitro model of artificial biofilm. Biofilm-producing laboratory strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 35984), S. aureus (ATCC 43300), E. coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 53278) were used. After 3 days of biofilm formation, porous glass beads were exposed to control (0.9% NaCl), sonication or chemical agents. Quantitative and qualitative biofilm analyses were performed by colony counting, isothermal microcalorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Recovered colony counts after treatment with EDTA and DTT were similar to those after exposure to 0.9% NaCl for biofilms of S. epidermidis (6.3 and 6.1 vs. 6.0 log10 CFU/mL, S. aureus (6.4 and 6.3 vs. 6.3 log10 CFU/mL), E. coli (5.2 and 5.1 vs. 5.1 log10 CFU/mL and P. aeruginosa (5.1 and 5.2 vs. 5.0 log10 CFU/mL, respectively). In contrast, with sonication higher CFU counts were detected with all tested microorganisms (7.5, 7.3, 6.2 and 6.5 log10 CFU/mL, respectively) (p <0.05). Concordant results were observed with isothermal microcalorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. In conclusion, sonication is superior to both tested chemical methods (EDTA and DTT) for dislodgement of S. epidermidis, S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa biofilms. Future studies may evaluate potential additive effect of chemical dislodgement to sonication

Commented translation: Proč je v noci tma? Příběh paradoxu temného nebe. ZAMAROVSKY, Peter. 2nd ed. Prague: AGA, 2011, p. 9 - 29, 43 - 65. ISBN: 978-80-904582-1-5.

This bachelor thesis consists of two parts. The first part is a russian translation of the selected chapters from the book Proč je v noci tma? Příběh paradoxu temného nebe (pp. 9-29, 43-65) written by Peter Zamarovsky. The second part contains a commentary on the translation. The commentary includes the following sections: Analysis of the source text, Concept of translation, Typology of translation problems, Typology of translation shifts. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org

Verbesserung der Diagnose von Implantat-assoziierten Infektionen

Treatment of implant-associated infections essentially differs from the one of aseptic implant failure. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause of implant failure is crucial. Conventional diagnostic methods such as culture or leukocyte count of synovial fluid have limited sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, novel, innovative strategies for improved (more accurate and faster) diagnosis of implant-associated infections are needed. The aim of this work was to improve the diagnosis of implant-associated infections: (1) to evaluate the performance of D-lactate (bacterial metabolite) in synovial fluid as independent diagnostic marker; (2) to investigate the activity of chemical methods (i.e. ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and dithiothreitol) and mechanical methods (i.e. sonication) for biofilm dislodgement and evaluate their potential role in the routine microbiological diagnosis; (3) to investigate the influence of the implants material type, such as polyethylene, titanium and cobalt-chromium alloy, on the biofilm formation. Results showed that the optimal cut-off of synovial fluid D-lactate to differentiate periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) from aseptic failure (AF) was 1.3 mmol/L with sensitivity and specificity more than 94% and 88%, respectively, and was comparable to synovial fluid leukocyte count. The comparison of the ability of chemical and physical methods to dislodge bacterial biofilm in an established in vitro model of artificial biofilm showed that sonication dislodges significantly more bacteria compared to chemical method. The results were derived applying three independent methods: colony counts, isothermal microcalorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Investigating the influence of implants’ biomaterial on microbial adhesion, the results reviled that polyethylene showed larger biofilm burden compared to metal alloys (titanium and cobalt-chromium alloy ), suggesting intrinsic differences in the ability of microorganisms to form biofilms on various biomaterials. This work demonstrated that D-lactate had good performance for the diagnosis of PJI and might be used as a highly sensitive and specific bacterial specific biomarker. In the intraoperative stage, sonication is the most sufficient method for bacterial biofilm dislodgement and bacterial detection. Using sonication, polyethylene showed higher bacterial load compared to metal alloys, indicating that microorganisms have different adhesion affinity on different biomaterials in vivo. Sonication of polyethylene liners may be sufficient to diagnose implant-associated infections rather than using the whole prosthesis.Die Behandlung Implantat-assoziierter Infektionen unterscheidet sich wesentlich von der Behandlung eines aseptischen Implantatversagens. Daher ist eine genaue Diagnosestellung der zugrunde liegenden Ursache des Implantatversagens entscheidend. Herkömmliche diagnostische Verfahren wie die Kultur oder die Leukozytenzahl der Synovialflüssigkeit weisen eine begrenzte Sensitivität und Spezifität auf. Daher sind neuartige, innovative Strategien zur verbesserten (genaueren und schnelleren) Diagnosestellung Implantat-assoziierter Infektionen erforderlich. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Diagnostik Implantat-assoziierter Infektionen zu verbessern: (1) Bewertung der Aussagekraft von D-Laktat (bakterieller Metabolit) in der Synovialflüssigkeit als unabhängiger diagnostischer Marker; (2) Untersuchung der Effektivität chemischer Methoden (d.h. Ethylenediaminetetraacetyl-Säure und Dithiothreitol) und mechanischer Methoden (d.h. Sonikation) zur Ablösung von Biofilmen und Bewertung derer Rolle bei der routinemäßigen mikrobiologischen Untersuchung ; (3) Untersuchung des Einflusses des Materials des Implantates wie Polyethylen, Titan und Kobalt-Chrom-Legierung auf die Biofilmbildung und den mikrobiellen Nachweis im Sonikat. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass der optimale Grenzwert für D-Laktat in der Synovialflüssigkeit zur Unterscheidung periprothetischer Infektionen (PPI) und aseptischer Lockerungen (AL) 1,3 mmol/L betrug mit einer Sensitivität und Spezifität von mehr als 94% und 88% . Der Vergleich der chemischen Methode und Sonikation zur Ablösung von Biofilmen zeigte, dass die Sonikation signifikant mehr Bakterien entfernen konnte. Die Untersuchung des Einflusses des Materials des Implantates auf die mikrobielle Adhäsion zeigte, dass Polyethylen eine größere Biofilmlast aufwies als Metalllegierungen (Titan und Kobalt-Chrom-Legierung ). Diese Arbeit zeigte, dass D-Laktat eine gute Performance für die Diagnosestellung von PPI aufweist und als sensitiver und bakterienspezifischer Biomarker verwendet werden kann. Bei der intraoperativen Diagnistik ist die Sonikation die effizienteste Methode zur Ablösung vom Biofilm und damit zum Bakteriennachweis. Die Sonikation des Polyethylens wies im Vergleich zu Metalllegierungen eine höhere Bakterienbelastung auf, was darauf hinweist, dass in vivo eine unterschiedliche Adhäsionsaffinität der Mikroorganismen an verschiedenen Biomaterialien besteht. Die alleinige Sonikation von Polyethyleninlays könnte deswegen für die Diagnostik von PPI ausreichend sein

Thermogenic Characterization and Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida auris by Microcalorimetry

Candida auris has emerged globally as a multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen. Isolates of C. auris are reported to be misidentified as Candida haemulonii. The aim of the study was to compare the heat production profiles of C. auris strains and other Candida spp. and evaluate their antifungal susceptibility using isothermal microcalorimetry. The minimum heat inhibitory concentrations (MHIC) and the minimum biofilm fungicidal concentration (MBFC) were defined as the lowest antimicrobial concentration leading to the lack of heat flow production after 24 h for planktonic cells and 48 h for biofilm-embedded cells. C. auris exhibited a peculiar heat production profile. Thermogenic parameters of C. auris suggested a slower growth rate compared to Candida lusitaniae and a different distinct heat profile compared to that of C. haemulonii species complex strains, although they all belong to the Metschnikowiaceae clade. Amphotericin B MHIC and MBFC were 0.5 µg/mL and ≥8 µg/mL, respectively. C. auris strains were non-susceptible to fluconazole at tested concentrations (MHIC &gt; 128 µg/mL, MBFC &gt; 256 µg/mL). The heat curve represents a fingerprint of C. auris, which distinguished it from other species. Treatment based on amphotericin B represents a potential therapeutic option for C. auris infection

Comparison of sonication with chemical biofilm dislodgement methods using chelating and reducing agents: Implications for the microbiological diagnosis of implant associated infection

The diagnosis of implant-associated infections is hampered due to microbial adherence and biofilm formation on the implant surface. Sonication of explanted devices was shown to improve the microbiological diagnosis by physical removal of biofilms. Recently, chemical agents have been investigated for biofilm dislodgement such as the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT). We compared the activity of chemical methods for biofilm dislodgement to sonication in an established in vitro model of artificial biofilm. Biofilm-producing laboratory strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 35984), S. aureus (ATCC 43300), E. coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 53278) were used. After 3 days of biofilm formation, porous glass beads were exposed to control (0.9% NaCl), sonication or chemical agents. Quantitative and qualitative biofilm analyses were performed by colony counting, isothermal microcalorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Recovered colony counts after treatment with EDTA and DTT were similar to those after exposure to 0.9% NaCl for biofilms of S. epidermidis (6.3 and 6.1 vs. 6.0 log10 CFU/mL, S. aureus (6.4 and 6.3 vs. 6.3 log10 CFU/mL), E. coli (5.2 and 5.1 vs. 5.1 log10 CFU/mL and P. aeruginosa (5.1 and 5.2 vs. 5.0 log10 CFU/mL, respectively). In contrast, with sonication higher CFU counts were detected with all tested microorganisms (7.5, 7.3, 6.2 and 6.5 log10 CFU/mL, respectively) (p <0.05). Concordant results were observed with isothermal microcalorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. In conclusion, sonication is superior to both tested chemical methods (EDTA and DTT) for dislodgement of S. epidermidis, S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa biofilms. Future studies may evaluate potential additive effect of chemical dislodgement to sonication.</p

Are Hamstring Grafts a Predisposing Factor to Infection in R-ACL Surgery? A Comparative In Vitro Study

Background: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the formation of biofilms in bone patellar tendon bone grafts (BPTB grafts), and to compare it to the formation of biofilm formation in quadrupled hamstring anterior cruciate ligament grafts (4×Ht graft). Methods: A descriptive in vitro study was conducted. One 4×Ht graft and one BPTB graft were prepared. They were then contaminated with a strain of S. epidermidis. Later, a quantitative analysis was conducted by means of microcalorimetry and sonication with plating. Additionally, a qualitative analysis was conducted by means of electron microscopy. Results: No significant differences were found between the bacterial growth profiles of the 4×Ht graft and the BPTB graft in microcalorimetry and colony counting. In the samples analyzed with electron microscopy, no specific biofilm growth pattern was identified upon comparing the BPTB graft to the 4×Ht graft. Conclusions: There were no significant differences found at either the quantitative or qualitative level when comparing bacterial growth in the BPTB graft to that in the 4×Ht graft. Therefore, the presence of sutures in the 4×Ht graft cannot be established as a predisposing factor for increased biofilm growth in this in vitro study