Plastic occurrence in commercial fish species of the Black Sea

The occurrence of micro- ( 5 mm), meso- (5-25 mm) and macroplastics ( 25mm) was investigated in seven commercial fish species of the Black Sea. Plastics were found in gastrointestinal track of all species analysed: Engraulis encrasicolus, Trachurus mediterraneus, Sarda sarda, Belone belone, Pomatus saltatrix, Merlangius merlangus and Mullus barbatus. A total of 352 plastic particles were removed from 190 individuals (29% of all individuals examined). The mean number of plastic particles per fish was 0.81 +/- 1.42 par.ind-1 (considering all fish analysed, n=650) and 2.06 +/- 1.09 par.ind-1 (considering only the fish that ingested plastic, n=190). The most common types of plastics were fibres (68.5%), followed by films (19%), fragments (11.9%), foams (0.3 %) and microbeads (0.3%). The most common plastic colour was black (39.3%) followed by blue (19.5%) and transparent (18.1%). The length of plastics ranged from 0.05 to 26.5 mm with an average of 1.84 +/- 2.80 mm. 93.2% of plastics were microplastics, 6.5 % as mesoplastics and 0.3% macroplastics. Plastic occurrence was higher in S. sarda (plastic in 70% of the analysed individuals) and lower in M. merlangus (plastic in 9% of the analysed individuals). The main synthetic polymers identified by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were polypropylene (29.8%), polyester (17.5%), acrylic (15.8%), polyethylene (14%) and polystyrene (1.8%) and 21.1% of polymers were cellulosic. Results show that commercial fish of the Black Sea is contaminated by plastics. This might affect vital functions of fish and pose a risk to ecosystem and human health. The study contributes to a better understanding of the status of plastic pollution in the fish from different habitats of the Black Sea and provides baseline data to implement the Marine Strategy Framework Directive in the basin

Two novel macroacyclic Schiff bases containing Bis-N2O2 donor set and their binuclear complexes synthesis and characterization

Bu çalışmada, tetranaftaldehit türevi iki yeni Schiff bazı ligandı ve dinükleer Mn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) ve Zn(II) kompleksleri sentezlenmiştir. Sentezlenen bileşiklerin yapıları IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, UV-visible spektroskopisi, elementel analiz, kütle spektrometrisi, manyetik moment ve molar iletkenlik verileri ile aydınlatılmıştır. Komplekslerin stekiometrisi elementel analiz ve kütle spektrometrisi ile belirlenmiş ve yapıları [M2L(ClO4)n](ClO4)4-n, (M: Mn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) ve L: Schiff bazı) genel formülü ile gösterilmiştir. In this work, two novel macroacyclic Schiff bases derived from tetranaphthaldehyde derivative compound and their binuclear Mn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes were synthesized. The structures of the compounds have been proposed by elemental analyses, spectroscopic data i.e. IR, 1H and 13C-NMR, UV?Vis, electrospray ionisation mass spectra, molar conductivities and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The stoichiometries of the complexes derived from mass and elemental analysis correspond to the general formula [M2L(ClO4)n](ClO4)4-n, (where M is Mn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and L represents the Schiff base ligands)

Synthesis of azine and hydrazide ligands containing ferrocene unit and their Cu(II) complexes, characterization and theoretical studies

Bu çalışmada, ferrosen birimi içeren redoks aktif beş azin ve üç hidrazit türevi ligandlar ve bunların Cu(II) kompleksleri sentezlenmiştir. Sentezlenen bileşiklerin yapıları IR, UV/Vis., 1H ve 13C NMR, kütle, X-ışınları kristalografisi, elementel analiz, manyetik duyarlık, molar iletkenlik ve TG/DTA yöntemleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Sentezlenen Cu(II) komplekslerinden salisilaldehit (1a) ve 2-hidroksi-1-naftaldehit (2a) türevlerinin bozunmuş karedüzlem, 5-bromosalisilaldehit (3a) türevinin karedüzlem geometride olduğu tek kristal X-ışınları kırınımı yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Bileşiklerin O—Cu—O ve N—Cu—N açıları 1a için sırasıyla 148,1 ve 157,3°, 2a için 144,9 ve 158,1° ve 3a için 180 ve 180° olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca bu kompleksler için Cphalka merkezi—Fe—Cphalka merkezi arasındaki dihedral açılarının ferrosen birimlerinin ?5 moduna karşılık gelen 1,1, 1,8 ve 1,0° değerlerinde oldukları bulunmuştur. Belirlenen kompleksleşme reaksiyonu şartlarında 2-[(1E)-[(E)-2-(ferrosenilmetiliden)hidrazin-1-iliden]metil]piridin (4) ve 2-[(1E)-[(E)-2-(ferrosenilmetiliden)hidrazin-1-iliden]metil]-5-nitrofenol (5) ligantlarının Cu(II) metal iyonu etkisi ile molekül içi çevrime uğradıkları {1,4-bis(ferrosenil)2,3-diazabüta-1,3-dien, 4/5a1, (µ-pridin-2-karbaldehit azin)bis[diasetato bakır(II)], 4a2 and µ-5-nitrofenol-2-karbaldehit azine)bis[diasetato bakır(II), 5a2} ve dönüşüm sürecinin su ve asit/baz katalizörlerinden bağımsız olduğu bulunmuştur. Bileşiklerin geometrik ve elektronik yapılarının açıklanmasında B3LYP/6-311G+(d,p)-Lanl2dz ve M06/6-311G+(d,p)-Lanl2dz teori seviyesinde DFT hesaplamaları kullanılmıştır. Hesaplamalar ile elde edilen teorik geometriler bağ uzunlukları, bağ açıları bakımından >%98 oranında deneysel yapılar ile uyumlu bulunmuştur. In this study, five azine and three hydrazide compounds containing redox active ferrocene subunits and their Cu(II) complexes were synthesized. The structures of the compounds were characterized by IR, UV/Vis., 1H and 13C NMR, mass, X-ray crystallography, elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity measurements and TG tecniques. By single-crystal X-ray crystallographic data, it is found that the coordination around the Cu(II) ion is distorted square planar for the salicylaldehyde (1a) and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde (2a) and square planar for 5-bromosalicylaldehyde (3a) derivatives. O—Cu—O and N—Cu—N angles of the compounds are 148.1 and 157.3° for 1a, 144.9 and 158.1° for 2a and 180° for 3a, respectively. Furthermore, dihedral angels between ring centroid–Fe–ring centroid of complexes are 1.1°, 1.8° and 1.0° corresponding to ?5 coordination mode of ferrocene. Two of the unsymmetrical azine ligands, E)-1-ferrocenyllmethylidene(E)-2-[(2-pyridyl)methylidene]hydrazine (4) and 2-{(E)-[(2Z)-(ferrocenylmethylidene) hydrazinylidene]methyl}-4-nitrophenol (5), found to be rearranged into the symmetrical complexes {1,4-bis(ferrocenyl)2,3-diazabuta-1,3-diene, 4/5a1, (µ-Pyridine-2-carbaldehyde azine)bis [diacetato copper(II)], 4a2 and µ-5-nitrophenol-2-carbaldehyde azine)bis[diacetato copper(II), 5a2} by Cu(II) ion without water and acid/base catalyst under the standard synthetic procedure conditions. B3LYP/6-311G+(d,p)-Lanl2dz and M06/6-311G+(d,p)-Lanl2dz level of DFT theory were used to explain geometric and electronic structure of compounds. Theoretical geometries are found to be similar with experimental results more than 98% by means of bond length and bond angles

Haberleşme uydusu üzerine yerleştirilmiş gregoryen tipindeki haberleşme antenlerinin titreşim ve akustik sayısal analizleri.

The acoustic load during lift-off of the spacecraft rockets is one of the most destructive loads especially for the light and large space structures. This thesis mainly focuses on vibro-acoustic behavior of a large composite reflector satellite antenna. The study starts with manufacturing processes, material properties and design criteria of the antenna which is Gregorian type with two reflectors. Then, Finite Element Model (FEM) of the antenna which is prepared in HyperMesh is analyzed structurally with calculation of modal and frequency response in MSC. NASTRAN. The FEM model and results are adjusted by using the sine-sweep test results performed on a modal shaker. After obtaining proper FEM model, vibro-acoustic numerical model is constructed and solved in MSC. ACTRAN. One of the strongest parts of this thesis is presenting acoustic test results performed in a reverberant chamber which provides the diffuse sound field. In summary, this thesis presents manufacturing processes of satellite reflector antenna and examines the vibration and acoustic test responses and FEM results with their comparisons.Thesis (M.S.) -- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. Mechanical Engineering

Nano-sized and microporous palladium catalyst supported on modified chitosan/cigarette butt composite for treatment of environmental contaminants

This study reports a versatile process for the fabrication of a microporous heterogeneous palladium nanocatalyst on a novel spherical, biodegradable, and chemically/physically resistant catalyst support consisting of chitosan (CS) and cigarette waste-derived activated carbon (CAC). The physicochemical properties of the microporous Pd-CS-CAC nanocatalyst developed were successfully determined by FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, BET, and EDS techniques. TEM studies showed that the average particle size of the synthesized Pd NPs was about 30 nm. The catalytic prowess of microporous Pd-CS-CAC was evaluated in the reduction/decolorization of various nitroarenes (2-nitroaniline (2-NA), 4-nitroaniline (4-NA), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (4-NPD)) and organic dyes (methyl red (MR), methyl orange (MO), methylene blue (MB), congo red (CR), and rhodamine B (RhB)) in an aqueous medium in the presence of NaBH4 as the reducing agent at room temperature. The catalytic activities were studied by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy of the supernatant at regular time intervals. The short reaction times, mild reaction conditions, high efficiency (100% conversion), easy separation, and excellent chemical stability of the catalyst due to its heterogeneity and reusability are the advantages of this method. The results of the tests showed that reduction/decolorization reactions were successfully carried out within 10-140 s due to the good catalytic ability of Pd-CS-CAC. Moreover, Pd-CS-CAC was reused for 5 consecutive times with no loss of the initial shape, size, and morphology, confirming that it was a sustainable and robust nanocatalyst

An unsymmetrical ferrocene based azine and its Cu(II) complex: Spectroscopy, crystal structure, electrochemistry and DFT calculations

KARAOGLU, Kaan/0000-0003-3265-8328; KARAOGLU, Kaan/0000-0003-3265-8328; emirik, mustafa/0000-0001-9489-9093WOS: 000346049500013An unsymmetrical ferrocenyl-substituted azine ligand and its Cu(II) complex have been prepared in this study. the redox active ferrocene-based azine ligand was obtained by condensation of 2-methanehydrazonoylphenol and ferrocenecarboxaldehyde. Structures of the ligand and its Cu(II) complex have been characterized by IR, UV-vis, NMR, X-ray, magnetic measurements and TG techniques. Redox behaviors of the ligand and its Cu(II) complex have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry. Structural parameters and spectroscopic properties of the azine ligand containing ferrocenyl unit and its Cu(II) complex were calculated by DFT and TD-DFT/CPCM methods and compared with the experimental results. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Research Fund of Recep Tayyip Erdogan UniversityRecep Tayyip Erdogan University [2011.102.02.1]This work was supported by the Research Fund of Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Project No: 2011.102.02.1 (Rize/Turkey). the numerical calculations reported in this paper were performed at TUBITAK ULAKBIM, High Performance and Grid Computing Center (TRUBA Resources)

Kuğulu Parkın tarihi, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik etkileri

Ankara : İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi İktisadi, İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, 2013.This work is a student project of the The Department of History, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University.by İbrahim Mert Öztürk.Öztürk, İbrahim Mert. HIST 200-11ÖZTÜRK HIST 200-11/10 2012-1

Acetate bridged dinuclear Cu(II) complexes with ferrocene based benzimidazol ligands: Synthesis, spectroscopy, electrochemistry, DFT calculations and catecholase activity

emirik, mustafa/0000-0001-9489-9093; KARAOGLU, Kaan/0000-0003-3265-8328; KARAOGLU, Kaan/0000-0003-3265-8328WOS: 000376546500015Two new benzimidazole ligands, 1-[(E)-ferrocenylmethylidenehydrazino]-2-{5,6-dichloro-2-[(o-chloro-phenyl)methyl]-1,3-diaza-1H-inden-1-yl}-1-ethanone (1) and 1-[(E)-ferrocenylmethylidenehydrazino]-2-{2-[p-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-diaza-1H-inden-1-yl}-1-ethanone (2), and their copper(II) complexes (1a, 2a) have been prepared and characterized by IR, UVVis, NMR, TG/DTA and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. DFT-based molecular orbital energy calculations and the electrochemical behavior of the compounds have been also studied to explain the redox potentials of the compounds. the catecholase-mimetic activities of the complexes have been investigated by monitoring the formation of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-benzoquinone from 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol. the catalytic activity of 1a is slightly lower than that of 2a, and the correlation between catalytic activity and electrochemical behaviors of the compounds has been established. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Research Fund of Recep Tayyip Erdogan University (Rize/Turkey)Recep Tayyip Erdogan University [2011.102.02.1]This work was supported by the Research Fund of Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Project No: 2011.102.02.1 (Rize/Turkey). the numerical calculations reported in this paper were performed at TUBITAK ULAKBIM, High Performance and Grid Computing Center (TRUBA Resources)

Mesoporous chromium oxide doped palladium catalysis for cyanation reaction of some aryl halides

A Pd/Cr2O3 hybrid catalyst for cyanation reaction of some aryl halides was synthesized and characterized by XRD, SEM/EDS and TEM. The porous structure of the catalyst was also investigated by BET analysis. All XRD characteristic lines were obtained for Cr2O3 and Pd/Cr2O3 hybrid in good agreement with the reference XRD data. It was found that average particle size of Pd/Cr2O3 composite was about 22 nm. The catalytic efficiency of the Pd/Cr2O3–catalyzed cyanation reaction was evaluated for some m- and p-substituted aryl halides. The influence of solvent, reaction time, and base on the activity of the Pd/Cr2O3 catalyst was investigated, and the optimal reaction conditions were systematically obtained. Catalytic investigations showed that Pd/Cr2O3 hybrid can exhibit very good catalytic performance for cyanation reaction of aryl halides with a high yield of around 90%, and retained its catalytic activity throughout successive 5 cycles. Comparative TEM images of Pd/Cr2O3 hybrid catalyst, as-synthesized and after 5th cycle, showed that nano-sized structure of Pd/Cr2O3 catalyst was protected without significant change

Catalytic activity of palladium doped activated carbon from waste coffee on some environmental pollutants

The presence of nitro compounds and such commercial dyes as Congo red, methylene blue, methyl orange and methyl red in water/wastewater causes environmental issues. The treatment of such industrial contaminants, new efficient hybrid catalysts are designed by Research groups all around the world. For this aim, a large of catalyst systems were designed and their water treatment capacities were investigated. As a part of Green Chemistry approach, food wastes could be used for production of porous carbon materials. In this work, a palladium/activated carbon hybrid catalyst (AC–Pd) was prepared and characterized by XRD, SEM/EDS and TEM. It was found from TEM analysis that the average particle size of AC–Pd hybrid was about 54 nm. The reduction capacity of AC–Pd for nitroarenes and organic dyes was investigated by UV–Vis. spectroscopy in aqueous media. According to catalytic tests results, AC–Pd nanocatalyst could be used in reduction of both nitro compounds and organic dyes