Pilot program to assess seismic hazards of the Granite City, Monks Mound, and Columbia Bottom quadrangles, St. Louis Metropolitan area, Missouri and Illinois

Three 1:24000 scale quadrangles were selected for a pilot program intended to evaluate seismic site response across the spectrum of geologic conditions underlying the St. Louis Metropolitan area, using the Granite City, Monks Mound and Columbia Bottom quadrangles. These evaluations included assessments of: i) site amplification distributions; ii) probabilistic hazard analysis of PGA, 0.2 second and 1.0 second spectral accelerations for 2%, 5% and 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years; iii) two scenario earthquakes and their associated PGA, 0.2 sec, and 1 sec spectral accelerations; and v) sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. These hazard maps were prepared using a fully-probabilistic approach, which considered uncertainties in the input data and in the predicted site amplification --Abstract, page iii

Vaccination refusal debate on social media in Turkey: a content analysis of the comments on instagram blogs

Background: This study was conducted to identify the reasons for vaccine refusal of individuals/parents by analyzing the comments on the pages screened with the keyword vaccine refusal on social media. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the study. Within the scope of the study, 7 pages, 216 posts and 3446 comments found with the keyword #vaccine refusal were analyzed. The comments obtained within the scope of the study were evaluated using content analysis and theme analysis methods. The study data were collected between Sep 1st and 11th, 2020. Results: The comments on vaccine refusal were found to increase in 2018 and 2019, especially in September, October, November, and December. The reasons for vaccine refusal were grouped under 2 themes as individual reasons and vaccine-related reasons as a result of the analysis of the comments. The most commonly used word in the text analysis, consisting of 10,428 words mentioned in the posts, was found to be vaccine (3.2%). Conclusion: Individuals/parents refuse vaccination for reasons such as distrust of vaccine content, disbelief in the need for vaccines, distrust of pharmaceutical companies, previous experiences, like-minded peo-ple/platforms, religious reasons, and preference for alternative health care approaches

Overview of the Seismic Threat in the Central United States

This paper summarizes geological, geophysical and seismological studies in two accepted and one candidate seismic zones in the central United States. The area was shaken by as many as 2,000 felt earthquakes in 1811-12, including four events greater than Magnitudes 7.0. These occurred before the area west of the Mississippi River was settled, so the intensity of shaking was not recorded over much of the affected region. Earthquakes in the central United States are felt over a much broader area than similar magnitude earthquakes in the western United States because of the low attenuation associated with undeformed Paleozoic age strata underlying the region. The New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) is believed to have been the source of the 1811-12 quakes and is the most studied source area in the central U.S. Some of the important structural features identified within this zone are summarized in this article, including the Reelfoot Fault scarp, Lake County Uplift, Crowley’s Ridge, Blytheville Arch, Bootheel Lineament and the Crittenden County Fault Zone. In just the last few years a GPS measurement array has been established around the Reelfoot Fault, and a debate has emerged about the accuracy and implications of these measurements. In the Wabash Valley Seismic Zone (WVSZ) limited historical and instrument arrays suggests that although the recorded seismic activity is much lower than a plate boundary region, it is, nevertheless, anomalously high activity for an intraplate region. Recent paleoliquefaction studies in the WVSZ suggest that it has likely spawned large-magnitude earthquakes, though not with as great a magnitude or frequency as the NMSZ. The anomalous historic seismicity recorded in South Central Illinois is believed to be the reactivation of old basement faults or background noise, but paleoliquefaction studies indicate that large magnitude earthquakes may also emanate from this region. It has not been accepted as a credible seismic source zone, but may be at some time in the future, as more data is collected and synthesized

Determining the musculoskeletal problems of academicians who transitioned to distance education during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders are a significant public health issue that negatively affects individuals and society both socially and economically, and increases the cost of care and cure. Objective: This study aimed to determine the musculoskeletal problems and risk factors of academicians who transitioned to provide distance education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The population of this descriptive cross-sectional study included academicians who worked in two public universities in Turkey. Ethical committee approval and institutional permissions were obtained between 1 and 28 February 2021. Data were collected using a personal information form, the Work Environment Evaluation Questionnaire, and the Musculoskeletal Pain Intensity Assessment Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the number, percentage, independent group t-test, ANOVA test, and linear regression analysis (forward method). The analysis was interpreted at the 95% confidence level and 0.05 error margin. Results: Of the academicians, 78% were women, 54.6% were married, 80.6% did not regularly exercise, and 73.5% had more workload during the distance education period. Academicians mostly experienced discomfort about their eyes, necks, and waists, and an increase at a significant level was detected in their musculoskeletal system problems during the distance education period. Increasing workload, duration of mobile phone use, active time, having an ergonomic chair, and gender predicted the musculoskeletal system pain intensity by 20%. Conclusion: Musculoskeletal system problems are a significant public health issue. Academicians should be informed and consulted for the protection of musculoskeletal system health during the distance education period

Effects of disasters on mental health

Afetler beklenmeyen bir zamanda meydana gelen, toplumu ve insanları derinden etkileyen, can ve mal kayıplarına neden olan, ekonomik kayıpları beraberinde getiren, doğa veya insan kaynaklı olaylardır. Afetler, zamanının belli olmaması, toplumu ve sağlık hizmetlerini kesintiye uğratması, ağır ekonomik etkilerinin olması, psiko-sosyal iyilik halini bozması, ilerleyen dönemlerde ciddi sağlık sorunlarına, can ve mal kayıplarına sebep olması nedeniyle önemli bir halk sağlığı problemidir. Dünyada ve Türkiye’de her yıl binlerce kişi afetlere maruz kalmakta ve afetlerden farklı şekillerde etkilenmektedir. Afetlerden sonra farklı yaş gruplarında farklı tepkiler görülmekle birlikte en sık travma sonrası stres bozukluğu, anksiyete, depresyon, uyku ve yeme bozukluğu gibi sorunlar görülmektedir. Yaş dönemlerine göre yapılan uygun müdahaleler ve psikolojik ilk yardım ile afetlerden sonra görülebilecek mental sağlık sorunları büyük oranda kontrol altına alınabilir ve azaltılabilir. Bu derlemede afetlerin psiko-sosyal sağlık üzerindeki etkisine ve bu doğrultuda yaş gruplarına göre yapılması gereken girişimlere yer verilmiştir.As a natural or human-induced event that occur unexpectedly, disasters affect society and people profoundly, cause loss of life and property, and lead to economic losses. Disasters pose an important public health problem due to their sudden nature, disruption in health services and society, severe economic impact, disruption in psycho-social wellbeing, resulting severe health problems in later periods, and loss of life and property. Each year, thousands of people are exposed to disasters in the world and in Turkey, and are affected by disasters in different ways. Although different age groups react differently after disasters, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and stress disorder, depression, sleep and eating disorders are the most common problems. Through appropriate interventions and psychological first aid made according to age groups, mental health problems that can be seen after disasters can be controlled and reduced significantly. Thus, this review study discusses the effect of disasters on psycho-social health and the interventions that need to be made according to age group

Evaulation of the atlantoaxial subluxations ın rheumatoid arthritis by clinical and radiological methods ın our department

Amaç: Çalışmamızda romatoid artritli 30 hastada direkt grafi, bilgisayarlı tomografi ve magnetik rezonans görüntüleme yöntemlerinden yararlanılarak atlantoaksiyel eklem sublüksasyonun laboratuvar ve klinik bulgularla olan ilişkisi araştırıldı. Yöntem ve Bulgular Gerek laboratuvar gerekse de muayene bulgularının atlantoaksiyel eklem sublüksasyon risk tespitinde yada varlığında anlamlı farklılık ortaya koymadığı saptandı. Sonuç: Atlantoaksiyel eklem sublüksasyonun radyolojik olarak tespitinde direkt grafi, bilgisayarlı tomografi ve manyetik rezonans görüntüleme yöntemleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark saptanmamış olsa da koronal planda kesitlerin de alındığı manyetik rezonans görüntüleme, multiplanar özelliği nedeniyle atlantoaksiyel eklem sublüksasyon tespitinde öncelikli bir yer tutmaktadır.Objectiveand Methods: In this study, atlantoaxial subluxations and their relationship with laboratory and clinical signs of rheumatoid arthritis were investigated by plain radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Results: We found that neither immulogical data nor clinical findings were predictive factors in the assessment of atlantoaxial subluxations. Conclusions: Magnetic resonance imaging including coronal plane sections appears to be the modality of choice for the diagnosis of atlantoaxial subluxations because of its ability to acquire direct multiplanar images

Investigation of the Performance of the New Orleans Flood Protection System in Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005: Volume 1

This report presents the results of an investigation of the performance of the New Orleans regional flood protection system during and after Hurricane Katrina, which struck the New Orleans region on August 29, 2005. This event resulted in the single most costly catastrophic failure of an engineered system in history. Current damage estimates at the time of this writing are on the order of $100 to$200 billion in the greater New Orleans area, and the official death count in New Orleans and southern Louisiana at the time of this writing stands at 1,293, with an additional 306 deaths in nearby southern Mississippi. An additional approximately 300 people are currently still listed as “missing”; it is expected that some of these missing were temporarily lost in the shuffle of the regional evacuation, but some of these are expected to have been carried out into the swamps and the Gulf of Mexico by the storm’s floodwaters, and some are expected to be recovered in the ongoing sifting through the debris of wrecked homes and businesses, so the current overall regional death count of 1,599 is expected to continue to rise a bit further. More than 450,000 people were initially displaced by this catastrophe, and at the time of this writing more than 200,000 residents of the greater New Orleans metropolitan area continue to be displaced from their homes by the floodwater damages from this storm event. This investigation has targeted three main questions as follow: (1) What happened?, (2) Why?, and (3) What types of changes are necessary to prevent recurrence of a disaster of this scale again in the future? To address these questions, this investigation has involved: (1) an initial field reconnaissance, forensic study and data gathering effort performed quickly after the arrival of Hurricanes Katrina (August 29, 2005) and Rita (September 24, 2005), (2) a review of the history of the regional flood protection system and its development, (3) a review of the challenging regional geology, (4) detailed studies of the events during Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, as well as the causes and mechanisms of the principal failures, (4) studies of the organizational and institutional issues affecting the performance of the flood protection system, (5) observations regarding the emergency repair and ongoing interim levee reconstruction efforts, and (6) development of findings and preliminary recommendations regarding changes that appear warranted in order to prevent recurrence of this type of catastrophe in the future. In the end, it is concluded that many things went wrong with the New Orleans flood protection system during Hurricane Katrina, and that the resulting catastrophe had it roots in three main causes: (1) a major natural disaster (the Hurricane itself), (2) the poor performance of the flood protection system, due to localized engineering failures, questionable judgments, errors, etc. involved in the detailed design, construction, operation and maintenance of the system, and (3) more global “organizational” and institutional problems associated with the governmental and local organizations responsible for the design, construction, operation, maintenance and funding of the overall flood protection system

The measures to prevent cyber violence and the roles of nurses: traditional review

İnsanlık tarihi kadar eski olan ve her gün artarak farklı şekillerde kendini gösteren şiddet, halk sağlığını tehdit eden önemli bir sorundur. Şiddet, kişinin kendine veya bir başka canlıya zarar verme niyetiyle kasıtlı olarak güç kullanmayı içeren, biyolojik, sosyal, kültürel, ekonomik, politik ve psikolojik nedenleri olan, kişinin düşünce ve davranışlarıyla ilişkili, çok boyutlu bir olgudur. Dünya Sağlık Örgütüne göre şiddet; kişinin kendine yönelik uyguladığı şiddet, kişiler arası şiddet ve kolektif şiddet olarak 3’e ayrılmaktadır. Uygulama türüne göre ise fiziksel, cinsel, duygusal, ekonomik ve siber şiddet olmak üzere 5’e ayrılmaktadır. Toplumun her kesiminde ve her yaş grubunda önemli sağlık sorunlarına neden olan siber şiddet, küresel ve ciddi bir halk sağlığı problemidir. Siber şiddet, bilişim teknolojisi araçlarından birini veya birkaçını kullanarak, karşıdaki kişinin kasıtlı olarak rahatsız edilmesi, tehdit edilmesi veya zarar verilmesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Siber şiddet küresel olarak her yaş grubu ve her kesim birey tarafından deneyimlenmesine rağmen geleneksel şiddet kadar dikkate alınmamakta ve rapor edilmemektedir. Siber şiddetin önlenmesi için güvenli internet kullanımının bilinmesi, internetin yararlarının ve zararlarının objektif şekilde değerlendirilmesi gerekir. Hemşireler, multidisipliner yaklaşımla farklı gruplara yapacağı eğitimlerle siber şiddetin önlenmesine katkı sağlayabilir. Bu derlemede, siber şiddet kavramına ve siber şiddetin önlenmesine yönelik hemşirelik uygulamalarına yer verilmiştir.Violence, which is as old as human history and increasingly manifests itself in various ways every day, is an important problem that threatens public health. Violence is a multidimensional phenomenon associated with an individual’s thoughts and behaviors, which involves intentionally using force with the intent to self-harm or harm another living being, has biological, social, cultural, economic, political and psychological reasons. According to the World Health Organization, violence is divided into three: self-inflicted, interpersonal or collective violence. According to its type, it is divided into five: physical, sexual, emotional, economic and cyber violence. Cyber violence, which causes significant health problems in every part of society and in every age group, is a global and serious public health problem. Cyber violence is defined as disturbing, threatening, or harming the others intentionally by using one or more of the information technology tools. Although cyber violence is globally experienced by every age group and every individual in every segment, it is not considered and reported as much as the traditional violence. It is necessary to know the use of secure Internet, and to evaluate its benefits and damages objectively for the prevention of cyber violence. Nurses can contribute to the prevention of cyber violence by the training to be provided to different groups with a multidisciplinary approach. In this regard, this review addresses the concept of cyber violence and nursing practices in the prevention of cyber violence

Growing threat to community health: vaccine rejection

Dünyada ve Türkiye’de halk sağlığını tehdit eden ‘aşı reddi’ sorunu giderek artmaktadır. Aşı reddi, bireyin kendi iradesini kullanarak tüm aşıları ve aşılanmayı reddetmesidir. Aşı reddinin nedenleri ülkeden ülkeye, bölgeden bölgeye farklılık gösterebilmektedir. Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuklara Yardım Fonu verilerine göre tüm dünyada 20 milyon aşısız çocuk bulunmaktadır. Aşı reddi sorununun küresel düzeyde artışı, salgın şeklinde bulaşıcı hastalıkların görülmesi üzerine Dünya Sağlık Örgütü 2019 küresel sağlık sorunları içinde aşı reddine de yer vermiştir. Aşı reddinin artması ve aşılanma oranlarının azalması ile başta bulaşıcı hastalıklar olmak üzere zamanla pek çok olumsuz sonuç meydana geleceği öngörülmektedir. Temel amacı sağlığı koruma ve geliştirme olan hemşirelerin, aşı reddinin önlenmesinde birey ve ailelerin aşıya yönelik düşüncelerini belirleyip doğru bilginin aktarılmasında eğitim ve danışmanlık sağlayarak sorunun büyümesine engel olabilir. Bu derlemede aşı reddi ve aşı reddinin önlenmesine yönelik önerilere yer verilmiştirThe issue of “vaccine refusal” that threatens public health is gradually increasing in the world and in Turkey. Vaccine refusal is the individual’s own willingness to refuse all vaccins and vaccinations. The reasons for vaccine refusal may differ from country to country and from region to region. According to the United Nations Children’s Fund data, there are 20 million unvaccinated children worldwide. As the issue of vaccine refusal increases globally and infectious diseases emerge in the form of epidemics, the World Health Organization has also included vaccine refusal among the global health issues of 2019. With the increase in vaccine refusal and decreasing vaccination rates, it is predicted that many negative consequences will occur over time, especially infectious diseases. The nurse’s, whose main purpose is to protect and improve health, can prevent the growth of the problem by determining the opinions of individuals and families about vaccination in the prevention of vaccine refusal and providing education and consultancy in the transfer of correct knowledge. In this review, recommendations for vaccine refusal and prevention of vaccine refusal is discussed