Energy-Momentum Problem of Bell-Szekeres Metric in General Relativity and Teleparallel Gravity

This paper is devoted to the investigation of the energy-momentum problem in two theories, i.e., General Relativity and teleparallel gravity. We use Einstein, Landau-Lifshitz, Bergmann-Thomson and M\"{o}ller's prescriptions to evaluate energy-momentum distribution of Bell-Szekeres metric in both the theories. It is shown that these prescriptions give the same energy-momentum density components in both General Relativity and teleparallel theory. M\"{o}ller's prescription yields constant energy in both the theories.Comment: 21 pages, accepted for publication in Braz. J. Phy

Hydromagnetic waves - Theory and applications Scientific report

Magnetohydrodynamic wave influence on various physical phenomen

An investigation of Organizational Justice in Pakistan’s higher educational institutes

Fairness is not an idea or a concept an individual should be struggling for, it is a basic right in the workplace. Fairness is at the heart of Organisational Justice. Unfortunately, the ideal is rarely achieved and it is an important area for research and analysis. Essentially, this work examines perceptions of organisational justice within the higher educational system of Pakistan. Faculty members are the subject of the study. In order to carry out this examination, the literature on justice has been explored from different philosophical perspectives. After reviewing existing models, theoretical concepts and initial research on educational sector of Pakistan, research hypotheses have been developed regarding the factors influencing perceptions of organizational justice. Organizational Communication, Power Distance, Organizational Structure, Reward Allocation are drawn out key influencing factors contributing to the Organizational Justice. However, Organizational Trust has been explored as a moderator to see how it affects the relationship of existing factors and organizational justice. This study is distinctive in its utilization of two research methods combined into a holistic and integrated research design. The study adopts a convergent/concurrent parallel design which allows the researcher to execute both methods (quantitative and qualitative). The thrust of using these methods is to establish if the relationships exist in the specific cultural context (through quantitative method) and to highlight how they contribute to the ideas of organisational justice in the daily work lives of faculty staff (through qualitative method). The findings of this study highlight some of the grey areas where changes are required as well as some positive sides of institutes have been emerged. Faculty members do have a view that an improvement is required in the formal vertical communications in institutes. Also, the hierarchal structures in most of the institutes are seen as the cause of distances between employers and subordinates (power distance). Most of the institutes fall through to provide the rewards that faculty members expect (monetary). Organizational trust has been found to play an important role in strengthening and weakening perceptions of organizational justice in Pakistani higher educational context. Perceptions of organisational justice are influenced by many factors in the daily lives of faculty staff. Experience of, discriminations, working conditions, ageism, genderism, favouritism, transparency, and the use of power all play a part. This research project suggests that many of these experiences are mediated and can be improved through good communication flows, more friendly organizational structures, reduced power distance among supervisors and subordinates, and more transparent reward allocation. Finally, this study presents an exclusive framework to highlight the factors and also the issues which are triggering these factors to further contribute to organizational justice

Addressing key issues in the light of structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in Health and Family Welfare Sector in India

The cutback in public investment in social sector including health is an inevitable consequence of the financial crises faced by both developed and developing countries since late s performance and several deficiencies of the public health services rather added fuel to the fire. Circumstances made it pertinent to mobilise additional resources from within the health sector itself, as contained in the structural adjustment programme, for financing the health sector. Thus, the involvement of private parties, NGOs, PRIs, co-operatives etc. for delivery of health services started gaining ground gradually. However, this trend is considered as a retreat from socialistic norms and counterproductive for the economically disadvantaged class. The policies including that of ‘World Bank’ and the recent ‘Indian Health Report (WHO) 2000’, now recognise the importance of investing in health & also providing for a ‘safety net’ for the poor and vulnerable to promote economic development and reduce poverty. So, there is an urgent need to address several issues to revamp the entire health sector in India. The paper, apart from an extensive review of India’s health scenario also identifies the potential areas where further studies need to be undertaken for accelerating the reforms process in the desired direction.Health CareFamily WelfareHealth Services

Addressing Key Issues in the Light of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in Health and Family Welfare Sector in India

The cutback in public investment in social sector including health is an inevitable consequence of the financial crises faced by both developed and developing countries since late seventies. In India, the dismal performance and several deficiencies of the public health services rather added fuel to the fire. Circumstances made it pertinent to mobilise additional resources from within the health sector itself, as contained in the structural adjustment programme, for financing the health sector. Thus, the involvement of private parties, NGOs, PRIs, co-operatives etc. for delivery of health services started gaining ground gradually. However, this trend is considered as a retreat from socialistic norms and counterproductive for the economically disadvantaged class. The policies including that of World Bank and the recent Indian Health Report (WHO) 2000, now recognise the importance of investing in health & also providing for a safety net for the poor and vulnerable to promote economic development and reduce poverty. So, there is an urgent need to address several issues to revamp the entire health sector in India. The paper, apart from an extensive review of Indias health scenario also identifies the potential areas where further studies need to be undertaken for accelerating the reforms process in the desired direction.health, WHO

Health professional students’ perceptions regarding their role in tobacco control: findings from the Global Health Professional Students Survey, Pakistan, 2011

Background: An important way of reducing tobacco use is to train the health professional (HP) students to assist in tobacco cessation by educating patients and public. In order to shape their thoughts for the desired role, it is vital to understand their existing perceptions regarding HP’s role in tobacco control. Thus, the aim of our study was to find out the perceptions of Pakistani HP students regarding their future role in tobacco control, and examine factors associated with negative perceptions.<p></p> Methods: Secondary data analysis of the Global Health Professional Students Survey, Pakistan, 2011 was performed. Study population included 3445 health professional students in third year of graduate level programs. The dependent variable (perceptions of HP students), was developed using four questions from the survey. Students who did not regard HP’s role in tobacco control were labeled as having negative perceptions. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to analyze association between HP students’ perceptions and various socio-demographic, attitudinal and knowledge related factors; and were reported as adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence interval.<p></p> Results: We found that 44.8% (n = 1542) of students do not regard HPs as role model for their patients and public, and perceive that HPs do not play an important part in patient’s quitting tobacco use. These negative perceptions were associated with male sex (OR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.02 – 1.53, p value 0.028), and poor knowledge about tobacco cessation techniques (OR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.12 – 1.55, p value < 0.001). Negative perceptions were also associated with their attitudes towards ban on: tobacco advertisements (OR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.13 – 2.48, p value 0.010); and tobacco use at public places (OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.26 – 2.03, p value < 0.001).<p></p> Conclusion: The role of HPs for tobacco control is fairly under-perceived by HP students, and the undesired negative perceptions are associated with male sex, poor knowledge about tobacco use cessation techniques and negative attitudes towards legislative control. A comprehensive approach, focusing on these aspects should be adopted to train HPs, in order to utilize them as an effective manpower for tobacco control

Comparing Information-Theoretic Measures of Complexity in Boltzmann Machines

In the past three decades, many theoretical measures of complexity have been proposed to help understand complex systems. In this work, for the first time, we place these measures on a level playing field, to explore the qualitative similarities and differences between them, and their shortcomings. Specifically, using the Boltzmann machine architecture (a fully connected recurrent neural network) with uniformly distributed weights as our model of study, we numerically measure how complexity changes as a function of network dynamics and network parameters. We apply an extension of one such information-theoretic measure of complexity to understand incremental Hebbian learning in Hopfield networks, a fully recurrent architecture model of autoassociative memory. In the course of Hebbian learning, the total information flow reflects a natural upward trend in complexity as the network attempts to learn more and more patterns.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures; Appears in Entropy, Special Issue "Information Geometry II

Notes on magnetohydrodynamics, part ii

Simple waves and covariant formulation related to magnetohydrodynamics and derivation of equations for one-dimensional wave propagation and Riemann invariants for fast and slow wave