TARPTAUTINIS MOBILUMAS IR ASMENYBĖS BRUOŽAI

The number of people leaving Lithuania to live and work abroad has been increasing and this phenomenon has complex consequences. Therefore, reasons for leaving have been studied in Lithuania for a decade. However, most of the research concentrates on environmental factors even though studies conducted by foreign authors more than a decade ago revealed that environmental factors cannot explain all motives for migration. There is a lack of research in this field, therefore the aim of this research is to evaluate how international mobility is related to personality traits. 369 students from different study programs participated in the study. Participants’ age was 19–28. Participants completed Lithuanian version of six-factor HEXACO PI-R, Propensity to leave country scale (Cronbach α = 0.82) and Satisfaction with one’s country scale (Cronbach α = 0.83) developed by authors. The results of the research are discussing in the article. KEY WORDS: personality traits, international mobility, migration, propensity to leave, satisfaction with one’s country

Posttraumatic Growth, Centrality of Event, Trauma Symptoms and Resilience: Profiles of Women Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence

The current study used a person-oriented approach to investigate (a) potential distinctive groups of women survivors of IPV based on their posttraumatic growth (PTG), centrality of event, resilience, and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) patterns, and (b) examine the role of sociodemographic (age, education, work status) and violence related (physical and emotional violence, time since last violence episode, psychological help) factors in distinguishing these groups. The study sample consisted of 421 women survivors of IPV, and latent profile analysis revealed four profiles: “negative impact” (11% of the sample), “positive growth” (46%), “low impact” (18%), and “distressed growth” (25%). Women age, education, received psychological help, frequency of physical and emotional violence, and time since last violence incident significantly distinguished some of the indicated profiles from each other. Findings of this study contribute to the existing literature by identifying different responses to IPV and investigating some of the theoretical assumptions that had not been comprehensively analyzed in the IPV literature. Limitations of the study and implications for future research are discussed

Tapatumo procesų ir nerimastingumo/depresiškumo sąsajos tapsmo suaugusiu periode

Identity formation is a core developmental task, the importance of which is not limited to adolescence but pertains to emerging adulthood as well (Arnett, 2004). In our study, we consider a three-factor identity model (Crocetti, Rubini, & Meeus, 2008), focused on the dynamics by which emerging adults form, evaluate, and revise their identities. It is known that some identity processes are related to the internalising of problems (Luyckx et al., 2008 b; Schwartz et al., 2011) and, in turn, to the lower adjustment (Luyckx et al., 2005); thus, it is particularly important to unravel what role does the action of internalising problems – such anxiety or depression – play in the process of identity formation.The purpose of this study was to examine cer­tain links between anxiety/depression and identity processes (identity commitment, in-depth explora­tion and identity reconsideration), accounting for recently matured individuals and emerging adults in Lithuania. The participants consisted of 491 emerg­ing adults (74.7% of them were females), aged 18–29 (M = 22.5, SD = 2.97). The measures used in our study are the following: Anxiety/Depression: Adult Self-report Form (ASR) (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2003); Identity processes: The Utrecht-Management of Identity Commitments Scale (U-MICS) (Crocetti, Rubini, & Meeus, 2008). The results of SEM have shown that anxiety/depression negatively predicts commitment and in-depth exploration and positively predicts identity reconsideration (χ2 (154) = 478.9, p < 0.05, CFI/TLI = 0.94/0.93, RMSEA = 0.066 [0.059–0.072]). As for control variables, we found that age is related only with anxiety/depression, meaning that older emerging adults scored lower on anxiety/depression. Gender was related with anxiety/depres­sion, commitment and in-depth exploration. Females in particular had scored higher on anxiety/depression and commitment, also scoring lower than males on in-depth exploration. In conclusion, the finding indicated that, when controlling for sociodemographic variables, internalised problems are related with a less adaptive identity formation.Šio tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti jaunuolių, esančių tapsmo suaugusiu periode, nerimastingumo / depre­siškumo ir tapatumo procesų (įsipareigojimo, išsamaus tyrinėjimo, įsipareigojimo persvarstymo) sąsa­jas, kontroliuojant lytį ir amžių. Tyrime dalyvavo 491 18–29 metų jaunuolis (74,7 proc. merginos). Buvo naudota Utrechto tapatumo skalė (U-MICS) bei Suaugusių emocijų ir elgesio sunkumų įvertinimo lapas (ASR). Rezultatų analizė atskleidė, kad kuo nerimastingesni / depresiškesni jaunuoliai, esantys tapsmo suaugusiu periode, tuo mažiau jie yra įsipareigojimo ir išsamaus tyrinėjimo bei tuo labiau – įsipareigoji­mo persvarstymo procese. Kontroliuojant sociodemografinius veiksnius, nerimastingumas / depresišku­mas yra susijęs su mažiau adaptyviu tapatumo formavimusi

Perceived maternal disapproval of friends: How mothers shape and respond to child and friend adjustment problems

CC BY 4.0The present study examines relations between adjustment problems and perceptions of maternal disapproval of friends in a sample of Lithuanian public middle-school students. The participants (ages 10 to 14) were 284 children (148 boys, 136 girls) who were involved in 142 stable friendships. Each friend described their own conduct problems, emotional problems, and perceptions of maternal disapproval of friends twice during the same academic year (M = 14.4 weeks apart). Dyadic analyses replicated previous findings in that one friend’s conduct and emotional problems forecast changes in the same problems in the other friend. Greater initial problems also anticipated increases in children’s’ perceptions of disapproval of friends by their own— but not their friend’s—mother, highlighting maternal efforts to manage the relations of troubled children. These efforts met with mix success. On the one hand, maternal disapproval of friends did not result in subsequent declines in adjustment problems among their own children; to the contrary, the conduct problems of boys increased with greater maternal involvement. On the other hand, adjustment problems declined among children whose friends reported higher levels of maternal disapproval, suggesting that maternal friendship management may interfere with the spread of problems between children

A Longitudinal Examination of Perceived Parent Behavior and Positive Youth Development: Child-Driven Effects

The advent of the 21st Century brought a new interest in promoting Positive Youth Development and a renewed emphasis on understanding transactional relations between parenting and adolescent development. The present study examined conventional parent-driven pathways, which describe the putative role of parents in the formation of positive characteristics in children, as well as the prospect of child-driven effects, which describe how parents respond to evidence of Positive Youth Development by potentially increasing support and reducing psychological control. We tested these pathways in a sample of 458 Lithuanian adolescents (52.2% girls; M = 15.14 years old at the outset) who completed surveys assaying perceptions of parent behaviors and self-reports of positive development (character, competence, connection, caring, and confidence) at annual intervals from ages 15-18. Across most lags, children's perceptions of parenting changed in response to their own positive development with increased support and decreased psychological control. In contrast, there were no longitudinal associations from perceptions of parenting to subsequent Positive Youth Development. The results offer insight into parenting in the 21st Century, a time when youth are increasingly encouraged/required to acquire volunteer experiences designed to promote positive development. To the extent that these experiences are successful, one unexpected offshoot may be better relationships with parents

Systematic review of the measurement properties of questionnaires for the measurement of the well-being of children and adolescents

The objective of this study was to systematically review the psychometric properties of the measures used in assessing the psychosocial well-being status of children and adolescents. This review updates and expands on the previous review of the literature on child well-being in order to assess all available studies from 2000 to 2013 on the measurement properties of all available well-being assessment instruments that aim to measure the construct of well-being in childhood and adolescence. Overall, 182 measures designed for measuring child and adolescent well-being were found. These measures vary in length and structure from one item scales to multidimensional questionnaires with 70 items and more. Most of the instruments measure positive indicators of well-being (e.g., life satisfaction, quality of life, self-esteem, etc.), others measure deficit indicators (e.g., anxiety, depression, stress, etc.), and a few instruments measure both positive and deficit indicators. In addition, there are some instruments with undefined modality of well-being. Thus, our study has revealed an ongoing theoretical shift from a deficit approach to well-being to a strengths-based approach. The results also indicate that the reliability information is reported for the majority of the instruments. The most frequently used reliability measure for all these instruments is the Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency coefficient. The reports of validity are available for approximately one-third of the instruments. Measures of well-being in adolescence are dominant, however, some instruments are suitable for the measurement of well-being and its indicators in childhood, and some reach the period of emerging adulthood (19-21 years). Most of the studies were conducted in North America and Europe with only a few of them being cross-cultural

Perceived maternal disapproval of friends: How mothers shape and respond to child and friend adjustment problems

The present study examines relations between adjustment problems and perceptions of maternal disapproval of friends in a sample of Lithuanian public middle-school students. The participants (ages 10 to 14) were 284 children (148 boys, 136 girls) who were involved in 142 stable friendships. Each friend described their own conduct problems, emotional problems, and perceptions of maternal disapproval of friends twice during the same academic year (M = 14.4 weeks apart). Dyadic analyses replicated previous findings in that one friend’s conduct and emotional problems forecast changes in the same problems in the other friend. Greater initial problems also anticipated increases in children’s’ perceptions of disapproval of friends by their own—but not their friend’s—mother, highlighting maternal efforts to manage the relations of troubled children. These efforts met with mix success. On the one hand, maternal disapproval of friends did not result in subsequent declines in adjustment problems among their own children; to the contrary, the conduct problems of boys increased with greater maternal involvement. On the other hand, adjustment problems declined among children whose friends reported higher levels of maternal disapproval, suggesting that maternal friendship management may interfere with the spread of problems between children

The Effect of Potentially Groundwater-Contaminating Ecological Disaster on Adolescents’ Bottled Water Consumption and Perceived Risk to Use Tap Water

We compared the extent to which a potentially groundwater-contaminating ecological disaster affected adolescents’ bottled water consumption and perceived risk to use tap water. The affected group consists of 221 adolescents (56.6% were girls, Mage = 15.44, SDage = 0.60), while the control group consisted of 156 adolescents (56.4% were girls, Mage = 15.50, SDage = 0.55). The Comprehensive Action Determination Model that explains pro-environmental actions was used as a basis for the comparison of adolescents’ bottled water use, both on mean and model-path levels. Perceived risk of tap water use was compared among affected and control groups (i.e., quasi-experimental manipulation check). The affected group perceived tap water use as riskier than the control group, although the difference was marginal. The affected group also demonstrated significantly lower intention not to consume bottled water than the control. Interestingly, however, path-level comparisons indicated that affected adolescents were more effective in translating their perceived control over sources of clean drinking water into intention to consume tap water

Toward Reducing Adolescents’ Bottled Water Purchasing: From Policy Awareness to Policy-Congruent Behavior

Policy awareness increases the likelihood of policy-congruent behavior. Yet individuals may differ in the extent to which they notice certain policies; thus, psychological factors that explain behavior can have a differing effect on policy-congruent behavior of individuals. We investigated to what extent the relationship between normative, habitual, intentional, and situational factors that explain bottled water purchasing behavior vary regarding individuals’ awareness of policy targeted at reducing bottled water purchasing. We investigated this question in a representative sample of Lithuanian adolescents. Our study indicated that awareness of policy targeted at bottled water purchasing acts as a moderator for adolescents’ normative, habitual, intentional, and situational factors related to their bottled water purchasing. In low, moderate, and high policy awareness groups, habit was the strongest direct predictor of behavior. Normative factors had a strong effect in explaining intentions; in addition, awareness of consequences was directly related with behavior in the high policy awareness group. However, situational factors were insignificant predictors of self-reported behavior. Based on the results of the current study, we suggest that to achieve policy-congruent behavior, policy makers should consider both policy-reinforcing incentives and the level of policy awareness of the targeted group