Navier's slip condition and magnetic field effects on unsteady stagnation point flow subject to a stretched plate along to viscous dissipation and Joule heating utilizing nanofluids

This article mainly addresses Navier's slip boundary condition impact on two-dimensional, unsteady magneto hydrodynamic flow of electrically conducting viscous nanofluids adjacent to stagnation region due to a stretchable wall along to viscous dissipation and Joule heating. Nanofluids are taken namely silver-water, copper-water, titanium dioxide-water and alumina-water. Transformation procedure applied reduces the set of nonlinear partial differential equations into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Resulting governing boundary layer equations are numerically solved by establishing a Keller-box method. Effects of different nanofluids, stretching parameter, slip parameter; solid volume fraction, unsteadiness parameter, magnetic parameter and Eckert number on velocity and temperature distributions are illustrated via graphs and explained in details. Computational values of local skin friction and local Nusselt number for influences of specified parameters are found out and indicated in tabular mode. Moreover, dual solutions exist by cause of negative values of unsteadiness parameter in fluid flow, fluid temperature, wall shear stress and wall heat flux

Heat transfer and magneto-hydrodynamic nanofluids flow behaviors past a nonlinear stretching surface considering viscous dissipation and joule heating

33-46Mathematical investigation has been presented to examine the magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer flow of viscous nanofluids bygone a nonlinear stretched plate among cumulative impact of viscous dissipation and joule heating. Physical formulation produced a system of partial differential equations which has been converted into a set of ordinary differential equations through employing suitable similarity variables. For numerical solutions of resulting governing equations of flow, a Keller-box method has been addressed. Results of dimensionless velocity and dimensionless temperature for impacts of various types of nanoparticle along with water base fluid and effects of physical parameters, namely solid volume fraction, nonlinear stretching parameter, magnetic parameter and Brinkmann number have been deliberated via graphs. Additionally, surface shear stress and surface heat flux for selected suitable values of pertinent parameters have been computed and explicated via table

Newtonian heating and convective boundary condition on MHD stagnation point flow past a stretching sheet with viscous dissipation and Joule heating

An analysis has been presented to study the effects of viscous dissipation and Joule heating on two-dimensional steady stagnation-point flow of an incompressible viscous electrically conducting fluid over a stretching plate with Newtonian heating and convective boundary condition in the presence of uniform transverse magnetic field. Similarity variables reduce the governing boundary layer partial differential equations to a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations and solved numerically using the Galerkin finite element method. Effects of various parameters such as stretching parameter, magnetic parameter, conjugate parameter, Prandtl number and Eckert number for velocity and temperature distributions have been discussed in detail through graphical representation. Moreover, numerical results of local skin-friction coefficient and local Nusselt number for different values of controlling parameters have been shown in tabular form and analyzed. Numerical values have been validated by comparing the present results with previously published works

Heat transfer and magnetohydrodynamic nanofluids flow behaviors past a nonlinear stretching surface considering viscous dissipation and Joule heating

Mathematical investigation is presented to examine the magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer flow of viscous nanofluids bygone a nonlinear stretched plate among cumulative impact of viscous dissipation and Joule heating. Physical formulation produced a system of partial differential equations which are converted into a set of ordinary differential equations through employing suitable similarity variables. For numerical solutions of resulting governing equations of flow, a Keller-box method is addressed. Results of dimensionless velocity and dimensionless temperature for impacts of various nanoparticles types along to water base fluid and for effects of physical parameters namely solid volume fraction, nonlinear stretching parameter, magnetic parameter and Brinkmann number are deliberated via graphs. Additionally, surface shear stress and surface heat flux for selected suitable values of pertinent parameters are computed and explicated via table

Experiences and Lessons from a Multicountry NIDIAG Study on Persistent Digestive Disorders in the Tropics.

<p>Experiences and Lessons from a Multicountry NIDIAG Study on Persistent Digestive Disorders in the Tropics</p

Newtonian heating and convective boundary condition on MHD stagnation point flow past a stretching sheet with viscous dissipation and Joule heating

931-940An analysis has been presented to study the effects of viscous dissipation and Joule heating on two-dimensional steady stagnation-point flow of an incompressible viscous electrically conducting fluid over a stretching plate with Newtonian heating and convective boundary condition in the presence of uniform transverse magnetic field. Similarity variables reduce the governing boundary layer partial differential equations to a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations and solved numerically using the Galerkin finite element method. Effects of various parameters such as stretching parameter, magnetic parameter, conjugate parameter, Prandtl number and Eckert number for velocity and temperature distributions have been discussed in detail through graphical representation. Moreover, numerical results of local skin-friction coefficient and local Nusselt number for different values of controlling parameters have been shown in tabular form and analyzed. Numerical values have been validated by comparing the present results with previously published works

Time Costs Associated with Informal Care for Colorectal Cancer: An Investigation of the Impact of Alternative Valuation Methods

Background A societal perspective in economic evaluation necessitates that all resources associated with a disease or intervention should be valued; however, informal care time costs are rarely considered. Objective We estimated time allocated to care by informal carers of colorectal cancer survivors; and investigated the impact of applying alternative valuation methods to this time. Methods Colorectal cancer cases (ICD10 C18-C20) diagnosed 6–30 months previously and identified from the National Cancer Registry Ireland were invited to provide details of informal carers. Carers completed a postal questionnaire. Time estimates per week associated with hospital-related and domestic-related care activities were collected for two phases: diagnosis and initial treatment (initial 3 months) and ongoing care (previous 30 days). Seven valuation scenarios, based on variants of the opportunity cost approach (OCA), and the proxy good approach (PGA), were considered. The base-case was OCA with all carer time valued at the average national wage. Results We received 154 completed questionnaires (response rate = 68 %). Average weekly time allocated to caring was 42.5 h in the diagnosis and initial treatment phase and 16.9 h in the ongoing care phase. Under the base-case, average weekly time costs were €295 (95 % CI 255–344) for hospital-related activities and €630 (95 % CI 543–739) for domestic-related activities in the diagnosis and initial treatment phase and €359 (95 % CI 293–434) in the ongoing care phase. PGA estimates were 23 % below the base-case. Only one alternative scenario (occupation and gender-specific wages for carers in paid work and replacement wages for non-working carers) surpassed base-case costs, and the difference was modest. Conclusions Overall, significant time is associated with informal caring in colorectal cancer. Different time valuation methods can produce quite different cost estimates. A standardised methodology for estimating informal care costs would facilitate better integration of these into economic evaluations