Is the Medical Brain Drain Beneficial? Evidence from Overseas Doctors in the UK

The ¿beneficial brain drain¿ hypothesis suggests that skilled migration can be good for a sending countrybecause the incentives it creates for training increase that country¿s supply of skilled labour. To work, thishypothesis requires that the degree of screening of migrants by the host country is limited and that thepossibility of migration actually encourages home country residents to obtain education. We studied theimplications of doctors¿ migration by conducting a survey among overseas doctors in the UK. The resultssuggest that the overseas doctors who come to the UK are carefully screened and that only a minority of doctorsfrom developing countries considered the possibility of migration when they chose to obtain medical education.The incentive effect is thus probably not large enough to increase the skills-supply in developing countries.Doctors do, however, remit income to their home countries and many intend to return after completing theirtraining in the UK, so there could be benefits via these routes.brain drain, international labour market, professional labour markets, doctors, physicians,international migration

The Economic Impact of Migration: Productivity Analysis for Spain and the United Kingdom

Increased internationalization over the past 20 years has meant that labour has become increasingly mobile, and whilst employment and earnings effects have been extensively analysed in host and source nations, the implications for firm and industry performance have been largely ignored. This paper explores the direct economic consequences of immigration on host nations’ productivity performance at a sectoral level. We consider its impact in two very different European countries, Spain and the UK. Whilst the UK has traditionally had a substantial in-flow of migration, for Spain, the phenomenon is much more recent. The paper provides an overview of the role played by immigration on per capita income, highlighting the importance of demographic differences. We then go on to analyze the role of migration on productivity using two different approaches: i) growth accounting methodology and ii) econometric estimation of a production function. Our findings indicate that migration has had very different implications for Spain and the UK, migrants being more productive than natives in the UK but less productive than natives in Spain. This may in part be a function of different immigration policies, particularly related to the skill requirements on entry, but also in part a feature of the host nations’ ability to ‘absorb’ foreign labour.Key words: migration, productivity, industries

Yliopiston toimijoiden näkemyksiä vastuullisen yliopisto-opiskelijan taidoista

Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvata yliopiston toimijoiden käsityksiä siitä, millaisia ovat vastuullisen yliopisto-opiskelijan taidot. Aineisto kerättiin valtakunnallisten Peda-forum-päivien kyseistä teemaa käsittelevässä työpajassa. Osallistujia (n=31) pyydettiin kirjallisesti kuvaamaan vastuullisen opiskelijan taitoja, ja saatu aineisto analysoitiin sekä sisältölähtöisellä että teoriaohjaavalla sisällönanalyysillä. Osallistujien vastausten perusteella yliopisto-opiskelijoiden vastuu kohdistuu sekä omaan että muiden oppimiseen ja yliopiston toimintaan kokonaisuudessaan. Tulosten mukaan vastuullisen yliopisto-opiskelijan taidot ryhmiteltiin oppimiseen, opiskeluun ja eettisyyteen liittyviin taitoihin. Vastuullisen opiskelijan oppimiseen liittyvät taidot kohdistuivat tiedollisiin, motivationaalisiin ja metakognitiivisiin taitoihin. Näistä eniten mainintoja saivat metakognitiiviset taidot. Opiskelutaidoissa vastuullisen opiskelijan määreet kuvastuivat alaluokissa opinnoissa toimimisen taidot, oman opiskelun taidot sekä geneeriset akateemiset taidot, jotka saivat eniten huomiota vastaajien maininnoissa. Eettisissä taidoissa vastuullisen opiskelijan ajateltiin edustavan eettisyyttä vuorovaikutustilanteissa, tieteellistä rehellisyyttä ja yhteistä vastuuta yliopistosta. Tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää opiskelijoiden tukemisessa esimerkiksi opiskelijatuutoroinnissa, mutta jatkossa aihealuetta tulisi tukia myös opiskelijoiden omasta näkökulmasta.</p

Adolescents’ Perceptions and Experiences of Their Responsibilities for Their Alcohol use—A Group Interview Study

Young people often experiment with alcohol during adolescence, which is a period of their life that is characterized by increasing responsibility. Knowing how adolescents perceive responsibilities with regard to their alcohol use could prevent their alcohol consumption and help them to take responsibility for this aspect of their lives. This study describes adolescents’ perceptions and experiences of their responsibilities for alcohol use. We used a qualitative descriptive method that focused on 87 adolescents aged 14–16 years, from two schools. They took part in semi-structured interviews in 19 groups in Finland in 2017. The data were analyzed using inductive content analysis. The adolescents described alcohol as harmful, but tempting, and said that they were developing a sense of responsibility for their alcohol use. They were responsible for their own wellbeing, behaving responsibly if they drank and intervening in peers’ alcohol use. They talked about how their parents had unquestionable responsibilities to care about whether adolescents drank alcohol. Their parents’ responsibilities related to the guidance they gave, how strict they were and how they responded to adolescents using alcohol. Anonymous and intense support from authorities encouraged adolescents to learn to take responsibility. Identifying and focusing on their responsibilities could help adolescents to develop into healthy individuals and increase their awareness of the need to avoid alcohol. Parents may also need support to meet their responsibilities.</p

How Adolescents and Parents See Their Moral Responsibilities With Regard to Adolescents Using Alcohol-A Deductive Secondary Analysis

Background: This study described how adolescents and the parents saw their moral responsibilities with regard to adolescents using alcohol.Methods: This was a deductive secondary analysis, based on Hart's taxonomy of moral responsibility. The primary studies were based on 19 group interviews with 87 adolescents aged 14-16 and 17 interviews with 20 parents. Voluntary participants were recruited by purposive sampling from two public schools in Finland.Results: Role responsibilities comprised of adolescents taking care of themselves and parents providing authority figures and helping adolescents to make rational decisions about alcohol. Capacity responsibilities referred to adolescents' abilities to make independent decisions on using alcohol and their developing abilities to control their actions. Parents required abilities to get involved in and show an interest in their children's everyday lives. Causal responsibilities focused on ensuring that adolescents did not cause harm when they used alcohol, and parents had to acknowledge and react to the consequences. Liability responsibilities were about the law on alcohol use and responsibilities for any legal consequences. The role schools could play was important.Conclusions: Adolescents and parents had wide-ranging responsibilities related to the adolescents' using alcohol and school nurses could play an important role in healthy decisions.</p

Barriers and facilitators to cervical screening among migrant women of African origin: a qualitative study in Finland.

Globally, cervical cancer constitutes a substantial public health concern. Evidence recommends regular cervical cancer screening (CCS) for early detection of "precancerous lesions." Understanding the factors influencing screening participation among various groups is imperative for improving screening protocols and coverage. This study aimed to explore barriers and facilitators to CCS participation in women of Nigerian, Ghanaian, Cameroonian, and Kenyan origin in Finland. We utilized a qualitative design and conducted eight focus group discussions (FGDs) in English, with women aged 27–45 years (n = 30). The FGDs were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed utilizing the inductive content analysis approach. The main barriers to CCS participation included limited language proficiency, lack of screening awareness, misunderstanding of screening's purpose, and miscomprehension of the CCS results. Facilitators were free-of-charge screening, reproductive health services utilization, and women's understanding of CCS's importance for early detection of cervical cancer. In conclusion, among women, the main barriers to CCS participation were language difficulties and lack of screening information. Enhancing screening participation amongst these migrant populations would benefit from appropriate information about the CCS. Those women with limited language skills and not utilizing reproductive health services need more attention from healthcare authorities about screening importance. Culturally tailored screening intervention programs might also be helpful

Evaluation of development co-operation to strengthen trade unions in Zambia – a methodological approach and results from a baseline study

This study analyses a baseline dataset collected for an evaluation of a co-operation project that assists trade unions in Zambia to boost their activities. The data were collected from 51 establishments to study attitudes towards unions, working conditions and the views of employers and trade union representatives on each other. The results show that employees have, by and large, positive views on unions but turning to unions when there are problems is not particularly common. Wages are often considered to be too low and assumed to be lower than those of similar individuals elsewhere or even in the same establishment. Regression analysis shows that having positive views on unions per se has a positive association with satisfaction and negative correlation with resign intentions. Union membership, however, seems to be correlated with employees being more discontent with their wages in some instances, though the direction of causality is unclear.Julkaistu myös Palkansaajien tutkimuslaitoksen sarjassa: Työpaperita / Working Papers 307. ISBN:llä 978-952-209-151-2

Patient Participation in Pro Re Nata Medication in Forensic Psychiatric Care: Interview Study with Patients and Nurses

Pro re nata (PRN, as-needed) medication is commonly used in forensic psychiatric inpatient care, but little is known about the participation of patients in its prescription and administration. This study describes patient participation in PRN medication treatment in forensic psychiatric inpatient care. Data were collected during interviews with 34 inpatients and 19 registered nurses in a Finnish forensic psychiatric hospital. The data underwent inductive content analysis. We found that patient participation in PRN was related to patients' individual needs and health conditions, and the use of PRN involved private decisions made in the social context of the ward. PRN was an integrated part of daily care, and it involved three stakeholders, namely patients, nurses, and physicians; however, the role of patients in this collaboration was undefined. The administration events for PRN were multiform, and depended on the level of agreement between patients and nurses on the need for PRN. In the future, more attention should be paid to how to motivate patients and provide them with equal opportunities to be involved in the planning of PRN, and to optimize shared decision making so that the expertise of both patients and nurses is utilized in the administration and evaluation of PRN

Home care professionals' experiences of successful implementation, use and competence needs of robot for medication management in Finland

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Imikute protseduurivalu hindamine ja mittefarmakoloogiline valutustamine Eesti haiglates – õdede vaatekoht

Eesti Arst 2023; 102(1):4