Evaluation of barley genotypes for drought tolerance during grain filling stage

Nakon formiranja broja zrna po klasu u toku vegetativne faze, masa zrnazavisi od intenziteta i duţine nalivanja zrna. Međutim, u većini regiona u svetu ukojima se gaji ječam, pa i u Srbiji, česta je pojava suše i visokih temperatura tokomnalivanja zrna. Cilj ovog istraţivanja je bio da se identifikuju genotipovi dvoredog išestoredog ječma koji mogu da postignu relativno visoke prinose u uslovimaterminalne suše, kao i utvrđivanje korelacionih veza između ispitivanih osobinaradi utvrđivanja kriterijuma za indirektnu selekciju na otpornost na sušu u periodunakon cvetanja.Genetički materijal korišćen u ovom istraţivanju činilo je 15 genotipovadvoredog i 10 genotipova šestoredog ječma. Ogled je postavljen po potpunoslučajnom blok sistemu, na lokalitetima Zemun Polje i Školsko dobro, u dvaponavljanja, dva tretmana i dve godine (2010/2011 i 2011/2012). Jedan tretman jebio kontrolni, dok je u drugom izvršena mehanička defolijacija listova sedmogdana nakon cvetanja svakog genotipa. Na taj način su putem inhibicije tekućefotosinteze simulirani uslovi suše u periodu nalivanja zrna. Uzorci klasova suuzimani na svakih pet dana, od momenta defolijacije do pune zrelosti.Defolijacija je uticala da se kod većine osobina srednje vrednosti značajnorazlikuju (P<0.05) u odnosu na kontrolu, a do najvećeg smanjenja je došlo kodukupnog prinosa zrna za 33%, ukupne biomase za 31%, prinosa po klasu za 14% iintenziteta nalivanja za 12%. Analiza varijanse je pokazala da je u uslovima stresa,u proseku za sve osobine, uticaj faktora genotip na variranje osobina nešto veći uodnosu na kontrolne uslove (36,5% prema 34,2%), dok je uticaj faktora sredine većiu kontrolnim u odnosu na uslove defolijacije (41,4% prema 34%)...After the kernel number per spike has been formed during the vegetativestage, grain weight depends on the rate and duration of grain filling. However,drought and high temperatures during the grain filling stage frequently occurs inthe majority og barley growing regions world wide, and Serbia too.The aim of this study was to identify two- and six- rowed barley genotypeswith capacity to have comparatively high yields in terminal drought conditions,and to determine correlations among investigated traits in order to define criteriafor indirect selection for resistance to drought in the period after flowering.The genetic material used in this study encompassed 15 and 10 genotypes oftwo-rowed and six-rowed barley, respectively. Genotypes were grown in arandomised complete block design trial with two replications, two treatments attwo locations (Zemun Polje and Školsko dobro) in the period 2010-2011 and againin 2011-2012. One treatment was control, while in the other treatment mechanicaldefoliation was performed, 7 days after flowering of each genotype. Through theinhibition of current photosynthesis (as result of defoliation), the treatmentsimulated drought conditions during grain filling. Spike sampling was initiated atthe moment of defoliation, and continued at 5 day interval until full maturity.Defoliation resulted in significant (P <0.05) difference in mean values in themajority of traits in comparison with the control, and the largest reduction wasrecorded in the total grain yield (33%), the total biomass (31%), the yield per spike(14%) and the grain filling rate (12%).The analysis of variance showed that under conditions of stress, on averagefor all traits, effects of genotypes on variation in traits were somewhat higher thanin the control (36.5% vs. 34.2%)..

The effects of nitrogen on protein, oil and trypsin inhibitor content of soybean

Nitrogen fertilization have influence on protein, oil and trypsin inhibitor content of different soybean genotypes. Seed protein content was increased over control by 60 kg ha-1 nitrogen while trypsin inhibitor was reduced by all treatmens (30, 60,90 N kg ha-1) as compared to controls. Significant genetic variation in TI was found both within the genotype class with the Kunitz inhibitor present as well as within the class lacking this inhibitor. Genotypes containing the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor protein (KTI) exhibit a higher TI than genotypes lacking this protein, however, in both groups of genotypes TI was similary affected by nitrogen application. Oil content was reduced following nitrogen fertilisation

Grain yield, agronomic traits, and protein content of two- and six-row barley genotypes under terminal drought conditions

Small grain cereals in lower latitude areas usually mature under terminal drought conditions that affect their agronomic performance. An experiment was conducted to compare agronomic traits, grain yield, and protein content under control and terminal drought conditions of 15 two-row and 10 six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes. The experiment was set up at two locations for two growing seasons (2011, 2012) and two treatments. One treatment was terminal drought (D) simulated by the mechanical removal of all leaf blades 7 d after the heading of each genotype, and a control (C) treatment in which plants were left intact. On average, defoliation caused a greater reduction in grain yield and protein content of the six-row genotypes (37.6% and 12.3%, respectively) than the two-row genotypes (28.8% and 7.1%, respectively). On the other hand, test weight of six-row genotypes showed better tolerance to terminal drought. According to the multivariate function analysis, the genotypes of both types of barley with a high test weight, a longer uppermost internode, and a longer grain filling period had high protein content under terminal drought stress. In contrast to six-row genotypes, it is possible to breed two-row genotypes that not only have high grain yield but also high protein content under both optimal and drought stress conditions

Occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat grain during the period 2020–2021 in Serbia

Wheat and wheat products can be contaminated with various fungal species. Secondary metabolites of these fungi, such as deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisin B1 and aflatoxins are important mycotoxins that cause various harmful effects on human and animal health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the concentration of mycotoxins in wheat grain. Wheat samples were tested for the presence of four mycotoxins (fumonisins, aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone). Samples were collected during two years (2020-2021), from different plots in Zemun Polje, Serbia. Grain samples were selected randomly. Total of 10 samples were tested each year. In order to perform the analysis for the presence of mycotoxins, grains were dried and ground. The analysis was performed by ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) using Tecna´s ELISA test kit for mycotoxins. During the 2020 no fumonisins were recorded in any of the wheat samples. The values of synthesized aflatoxins ranged from 0.618-1.818 ppb, the values of deoxynivalenol ranged from 0.006-1.058 ppm while concentrations of zearalenone were highest and ranged from 0.230-9.379 ppb. In 2021 no fumonisins and zearalenone were recorded in any of the wheat samples. Aflatoxins ranged from 2.209-3.812 ppb, and deoxynivalenol ranged from 1.244-3.307 ppm. Contamination of wheat grain with toxic metabolites of fungi is one of the particularly important problems in global agriculture because it causes significant economic losses. Therefore, it is important to monitor the presence of these metabolites in order to develop effective methods to reduce grain contamination

Contribution of Agro-Physiological and Morpho-Anatomical Traits to Grain Yield of Wheat Genotypes under Post-Anthesis Stress Induced by Defoliation

Post-anthesis drought affects wheat production worldwide, primarily through the limitation of grain filling. The enhanced remobilization of stem reserves induced by drought can provide considerable carbon sources for grain filling. The aim of this study, which was part of an ongoing wheat-breeding program targeting drought tolerance, was to assess the ability of 20 contrasting common wheat genotypes (2 cultivars, 8 F6:7 families (FAM), and 10 parent genotypes (PAR) used to make the families) to remobilize stem dry matter under water-stressed conditions simulated via defoliation 10 days after anthesis, and to estimate the contribution of stem dry matter remobilization to grain weight. In two-year field trials, the genotypes were scored for agro-physiological and peduncle morpho-anatomical traits. Stem reserve contribution to grain weight per spike was significantly enhanced in defoliated plants but did not differ amongst the groups of genotypes. F6:7 families had higher grain-filling rate and 1000-grain weight but without improvement in grain weight per spike under defoliation compared with parental groups. The total area of chlorenchyma, phloem-area-related traits, and stem reserve contribution to grain weight were positively associated with grain weight per spike under defoliation, whilst in both treatments, the grain-filling rate was determined by stem height. These results imply that the grain-filling rate is a trait desirable for drought tolerance that can be improved during the breeding process. © 2023 by the authors

Triticum aestivum ir T. durum genetiniai parametrai kokybės technologinėms savybėms Serbijoje

Proteins are important in determining the nutritional value of wheat, and among them gluten determines the baking quality of bread wheat and pasta-making technological properties of wheat. By assessing genetic parameters of wheat quality traits, it is possible to elucidate potential for improvement. The plant material consisted of 30 genotypes of bread and durum wheat of worldwide origin. The trials were sown at three locations in Serbia during two vegetation seasons 2010-2011 and 2011-2012. Protein content, wet gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation volume and deformation energy were determined by near infrared spectrometry. The objectives of this investigation were to assess: i) variability, components of variance, heritability in a broad sense (hb2)expected genetic advance for protein content, wet gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation volume and deformation energy; ii) associations between agronomic characteristics and protein content, wet gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation volume and deformation energy in order to determine indirect selection feasibility. In durum wheat, the highest coefficients of genetic and phenotypic variation (CVg and CVph) were recorded for deformation energy in bread wheat (18% and 18.4%, respectively), whereas the lowest values of 4.1% and 4.6% were shown for protein content. The relation genetic component of variance (σg2)/component of variance due to genotype × environment interaction (σge2) &lt; 1 was observed for protein content (3.2), wet gluten content (2.9) and deformation energy (3.9), and equal to one for Zeleny sedimentation volume, in bread wheat. In durum wheat, σge2/σg2&lt; 1 was detected for protein content (1.4), wet gluten content (1.5), Zeleny sedimentation volume (2.1) and deformation energy (1.4). Considering very high and high hb2 observed for deformation energy and Zeleny sedimentation volume (95.8% and 86.2%, respectively) in bread wheat, coupled with high genetic advance (36.3% and 28.1%, respectively), success from classical breeding can be anticipated. Grain thickness was strongly associated with Zeleny sedimentation volume, and to a lesser extent with protein content, wet gluten content and deformation energy in bread and durum wheat, and along with grain vitreousness in durum wheat, can serve for indirect selection

Genetic and association mapping study of wheat agronomic traits under contrasting water regimes

Genetic analyses and association mapping were performed on a winter wheat core collection of 96 accessions sampled from a variety of geographic origins. Twenty-four agronomic traits were evaluated over 3 years under fully irrigated, rainfed and drought treatments. Grain yield was the most sensitive trait to water deficit and was highly correlated with above-ground biomass per plant and number of kernels per m2. The germplasm was structured into four subpopulations. The association of 46 SSR loci distributed throughout the wheat genome with yield and agronomic traits was analyzed using a general linear model, where subpopulation information was used to control false-positive or spurious marker-trait associations (MTAs). A total of 26, 21 and 29 significant (P &lt; 0.001) MTAs were identified in irrigated, rainfed and drought treatments, respectively. The marker effects ranged from 14.0 to 50.8%. Combined across all treatments, 34 significant (P &lt; 0.001) MTAs were identified with nine markers, and R2 ranged from 14.5 to 50.2%. Marker psp3200 (6DS) and particularly gwm484 (2DS) were associated with many significant MTAs in each treatment and explained the greatest proportion of phenotypic variation. Although we were not able to recognize any marker related to grain yield under drought stress, a number of MTAs associated with developmental and agronomic traits highly correlated with grain yield under drought were identified

Sadržaj rastvorljivih slobodnih fenolnih komponenata i antioksidativni kapaciteta zrna genotipova hlebne i durum pšenice

The objective of this study was to determine phenolic compounds and the total antioxidant capacity in the grain of ten bread (T. aestivum L.) and ten durum (T. durum Desf.) wheat genotypes. Soluble free forms of total phenolics, flavonoids, PVPP (polyvinylpolypyrrolidone) bound phenolics, proanthocyanidins and phenolic acids were investigated. In addition, the correlation coefficients between total antioxidant capacities and the concentration of different soluble free phenolic compounds, as well as between soluble free total phenolics and phenolic acids, flavonoids and PVPP bound phenolics were determined. Significant differences in the content of aceton/water extractable total phenolics, PVPP bound phenolics and phenolic acids between and within two wheat species were found. On the average, durum wheat samples had about 1.19-fold higher total phenolic compounds and about 1.5-fold higher PVPP bound phenolics than bread wheat samples. Three phenolic acids, ferulic, caffeic and chlorogenic, were detected in wholemeal bread wheat. Caffeic acid was not found in durum wheat samples whilst ferulic acid was the most abundant. Proanthocyanidins in bread and durum wheat genotypes were not detected. The antioxidant capacity measured as the DPPH radical scavenging activity was similar in wholemeal of bread and durum wheat, however, significant differences were observed among genotypes within species.Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je da se odredi sadržaj fenolnih komponenata i ukupni antioksidativni kapacitet zrna 10 genotipova hlebne (T. aestivum L.) i 10 genotipova durum (T. durum Desf.) pšenice. Rastvorljive slobodne forme ukupnih fenola, flavonoida, PVPP (polyvinylpolypyrrolidone) vezanih fenola, proantocijanidina i fenolnih kiselina bile su analizirane. Pored toga, korelacioni koeficijent između ukupnog antioksidativnog kapaciteta i koncentracije različitih slobodnih fenolnih komponenata, kao i između rastvorljivih slobodnih ukupnih fenola i fenolnih kiselina, flavonoida i PVPP vezanih fenola bio je određen. Značajne razlike nađene su u sadržaju aceton/voda ekstraktibilnih ukupnih fenola, PVPP vezanih fenola i fenolnih kiselina kako između dve vrste pšenice (durum i hlebne), tako i unutar vrste, odnosno između ispitivanih genotipova iste vrste. U proseku, durum pšenica imala je oko 1.2 puta više ukupnih fenola i oko 1.5 puta više PVPP vezanih fenola nego hlebna pšenica. Tri fenolne kiseline, ferulinska, kafeinska i hlorogena, bile su detektovane u etanolskom ekstraktu celog zrna hlebne pšenice. Kafeinska kiselina nije nađena u genotipovima durum pšenice, dok je ferulinska kiselina bila najzastupljenija u genotipovima obe vrste pšenice. Prisustvo proantocijanidina nije utvrđeno u genotipovima hlebne i durum pšenice. Antioksidativni kapacitet meren kao DPPH radikal vezujuća aktivnost bio je sličan između hlebne i durum vrste pšenice, ali su značajne razlike bile utvrđene između genotipova unutar vrste

Poređenje sitnozrnih žitarica prema sadržaju dijetalnih vlakana i proteina

The content of dietary fibres (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, NDF, ADF), tryptophan and proteins, as well as their quality index were determined in whole grains of bread and durum wheat, rye, hull-less barley and hull-less oat, each represented with four genotypes. In addition, content of β-glucans in hull-less barley were determined. In average, hull-less barley and oat had the lowest content of hemicellulose (22.54 and 13.11% d.m., respectively), cellulose (1.36 and 1.41% d.m., respectively), lignin (0.98 and 0.49% d.m., respectively), as well as NDF (24.84 and 15.16% d.m., respectively) and ADF (2.30 and 2.04% d.m., respectively). In average, the highest content of hemicellulose was in durum wheat (33.47% d.m.), followed by rye (29.63% d.m.), and bread wheat (23.24% d.m.). Among tested hull-less barley genotypes the the content of β-glucans ranged from 4.1% d.m. (IWHBON 97-18) to 5.6% d.m. (Apolon). The highest content of proteins (on average 15.65% d.m.) and tryptophan (on average 0.206% d.m.) was in hull-less oat. Hull-less barley had the highest protein quality index (1.48%) followed by bread and durum wheat and hull-less oat (IQ 1.35, 1.34 and 1.31%, respectively), and rye (IQ 0.93%). The results indicate that there is genetic diversity in content of dietary fibres and proteins among tested genotypes and that it should be possible to selectively breed for lines with high nutrition capacities, as well as, to improved diet requirements.U zrnu genotipova hlebne i durum pšenice, raži, golozrnog ječma i golozrnog ovsa određen je sadžaj dijetalnih vlakana (celuloze, hemiceluloze, lignina, NDF-a, ADF- a), triptofana i proteina, kao i njihov indeks kvaliteta. Pored toga određen je i sadržaj β-glukana u zrnu četiri reprezentativna genotipa golozrnog ječma. U proseku, golozrni ječam i ovas imali su najniži sadržaj hemiceluloze (22.54 i 13.11% s.m.), celuloze (1.36 i 1.41% s.m.), lignina (0.98 i 0.49% s.m.), kao i NDF (24.84 i 15.16% s.m.) i ADF (2.30 i 2.04% s.m.). Najviši sadržaj hemiceluloze bio je u zrnu durum šenice (u proseku 33.47% s.m.), sledi raž (u proseku 29.63% s.m.) i hlebna pšenica (u proseku 23.24% s.m.). U zrnu ispitivanih genotipovima golozrnog ječma sadržaj β-glukana se kretao od 4.1% d.m. (IWHBON 97-18) do 5.6% d.m. (Apolon). Najviši sadržaj proteina (u proseku 15.65% d.m.) i triptofana (u proseku 0.206% d.m.) bio je u zrnu golozrnog ovsa. Najviši indeks kvaliteta proteina bio je u zrnu golozrnog ječma (u proseku 1.48%), sledi hlebna i durum pšenica i golozrni ovas (1.35, 1.34 i 1.31%), a zatim raž (0.93%). Rezultati ukazuju na genetičku divergentnost u sadržaju dijetalnih vlakana i proteina između ispitivanih genotipova i mogućnost odabira genotipova za selekcione linija visokog nutritivnog kapaciteta, kao za i poboljšane zahteva ishrane

The effect of pretreatment and matrix on the in vitro digestibility, nutrient bioavailability, and antioxidant properties of cereal grain-based food ingredients

Regardless of the continent, nation, or dietary preferences, cereals have, for centuries, been among the indispensable staple food ingredients. The value of these grains is immeasurable for humankind, given that they provide energy, carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, minerals, and vitamins to the majority of the world’s population. However, the digestibility and bioavailability of the nutrients, as well as bioactive compounds are some of the factors that may influence the utilization of these grains by large. The main goal of this study was to investigate in what manner the pretreatment and food matrix may influence the in vitro digestibility, nutrient bioavailability, and antioxidant properties of cereal grain-based ingredients intended for human consumption. Samples of six wheat varieties with different amylose content: untreated, ultrasonicated, and hydrothermally treated wholegrain flour; samples of differently colored maize grain (yellow, white and red dent, blue and yellow popcorn and one sugary genotype): wholegrain maize flour - untreated and toasted at different temperatures (100˚C, 125˚C and 150˚C), maize kernel fractions - pericarp, endosperm and germ; blue popcorn powder – a by-product of the grain milling process remaining on the sieve, as well as the anthocyanins extracted from the blue maize powder and microencapsulated by spray drying on different polysaccharide carriers, were used in this study. The in vitro multi-step digestion protocol consisting of oral, gastric, duodenal, and colon phases was applied. The amylose content negatively influenced the digestibility of the hydrothermally treated flour, while the total starch content had a negative impact on the digestibility after the ultrasound treatment. The untreated and toasted maize flour samples showed differences depending on the genotype, kernel color and the applied temperature, with digestibility ranging from 26.91% to 35.34%. Furthermore, wholegrain flour of sugary maize hybrid showed the highest digestibility (57.36%). Regarding digestibility of different kernel fractions, germ manifested the highest degradation level, while fiber-rich pericarp was the least affected by digestion processes. The anthocyanin extract microencapsulated on the carrier consisting of the combination of maltodextrin and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin showed the highest in vitro digestibility (73.63%) in comparison with pure extract (68.45%) and the blue popcorn powder (54.51%). The findings of this study can provide some useful answers for further research on this subject