Regioselective Syntheses and Functionalizations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Directed Metalation and C─H Activation

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are well-known as pollutants and carcinogenic compounds. Lately, considering their opto-electronic and photophysical properties, PAHs are being developed as materials to be used in electronics, non-linear optics (NLOs) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Surprisingly, their binding affinity towards DNA has evolved into a study of their potential usage as anti-cancer and anti-malarial agents. Within the realm of these possibilities, the syntheses and functionalizations of PAHs has become an important area of research. The classical method of oxidative photocyclization is used to prepare gramscale phenanthrene and chrysene derivatives required as starting materials for all the experiments. The study investigates directed ortho metalation (DoM) and non-directed C─H activation as methods to functionalize chrysene derivatives. DoM proved to be an efficient strategy in the presence of directing metalation group (DMG) affording di-substituted chrysene derivatives in 27% to quant yields. However, C─H activation needs further experiments to develop the catalyst system suitable for activating C(sp2)─H bonds in PAH derivatives. This thesis is also focussed on approaches to synthesize smaller to larger PAHs. In this context, cross-coupling, and directed remote metalation (DreM) are studied. The Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling protocol is optimized using a simple commercial catalyst to cross-couple ortho-substituted bulky substrates such as chrysenyl carboxamides and methylnaphthalenyl boronic esters. The importance of electronic and steric factors is discussed when sterically demanding cross-coupling partners are involved. Finally, the cross-coupled products are cyclized following a DreM strategy to achieve the planned larger 6− and 7− ring fluorescent PAHs. The UV-visible and fluorescence spectra of all the synthesized PAHs are presented. The experiments are also aimed to understand the mechanism involved in attaining the products regioselectively

A Smart Web Crawler for a Concept Based Semantic Search Engine

The internet is a vast collection of billions of web pages containing terabytes of information arranged in thousands of servers using HTML. The size of this collection itself is a formidable obstacle in retrieving information necessary and relevant. This made search engines an important part of our lives. Search engines strive to retrieve information as relevant as possible to the user. One of the building blocks of search engines is the Web Crawler. A web crawler is a bot that goes around the internet collecting and storing it in a database for further analysis and arrangement of the data. The project aims to create a smart web crawler for a concept based semantic based search engine. The crawler not only aims to crawl the World Wide Web and bring back data but also aims to perform an initial data analysis of unnecessary data before it stores the data. We aim to improve the efficiency of the Concept Based Semantic Search Engine by using the Smart crawler

Data Analysis of Transmission Line Restoration Times

The world is highly dependent on electricity, and any service interruptions can be contagious sometimes leading to devastating blackouts. This in turn have severe impacts on customers. Large service interruption can impact an entire region. Therefore, reliability is an integral part of the system operations for utilities. On an interruption of power supply caused by a transmission or distribution failure, measures taken to restore the service highly depend on the interruption duration of normal supply paths. This thesis is a systematic study of transmission line restoration times with statistics obtained from a utility’s data. The empirical probability distribution of transmission line restoration times is obtained from 14 years of field data. The distribution of restoration times has a heavy tail that indicates that long restoration times, although less frequent, routinely occur. The heavy tail differs from the convenient assumption of exponentially distributed restoration times, impacts power system resilience, and makes estimates of the mean time to repair highly variable. The mean restoration time of the heavy tailed distribution and its confidence interval is estimated using special bootstrap methods and its implications are outlined. The heavy tail in transmission line restoration times is one factor to be considered in assessing power system resilience

Statistical multiplexing of video sources for packet switching networks

Communication networks are fast evolving towards truly integrated networks handling all types of traffic. They employ integrated switching technologies for voice. video and data. Statistical or asynchronous time division multiplexing of full motion video sources is an initial step towards packetized video networks. The main goal is to utilize the common communication channel efficiently, without loosing quality at the receiver. This work discusses the concept of using statistical multiplexing for packet video communications. The topology of a single internal packet network to support ISDN services has been adopted. Simulations have been carried out to demonstrate the statistical smoothing effect of packetized video in the networks having high speed links. Results indicate that the channel rate per source decreased in an exponential manner as the number of sources increased. An expression for the average usage time t of the channel has been derived in terms of channel rate per source and the number of sources multiplexed. Also the average usage time of the channel is higher for buffered data than that of the multiplexed data. The high speed communication links in the internal network are lightly loaded, which indicates that these links can accommodate more data

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS): Management Update

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) is a prevalent issue in sports medicine and among physically active individuals, causing significant pain and disability. While the exact pathophysiology of DOMS remains incompletely understood, this article delves into non-pharmacological approaches to effectively manage and alleviate its symptoms. The research discusses multifaceted aspects of DOMS, encompassing its complex etiology, theories, and contributing factors. Numerous theories have been proposed, including delayed inflammatory responses, lactic acid accumulation, muscle spasms, connective tissue damage, and muscle micro-tears. These theories underscore the intricate nature of DOMS and the need for a diverse management approach. The article explores non-pharmacological strategies to address DOMS, focusing on evidence-based methods. These methods include massage, exercise, nutrition, and natural supplements. Research has shown that massage therapy enhances muscle recovery, exercise therapy reduces soreness, and nutrition therapy through protein and amino acid intake can alleviate DOMS. Furthermore, natural supplements like ginger, tart cherry juice, and curcumin have demonstrated the potential to reduce inflammation and manage DOMS. While pharmacological interventions may be considered for severe cases, the article underscores the importance of exercising caution due to potential side effects. In summary, DOMS management necessitates a holistic approach, combining multiple modalities and nutritional strategies to alleviate pain, enhance muscle recovery, and minimize the impact of this common condition on physically active individuals and athletes

Morpho-physiological changes in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) tenera hybrid seedlings raised under different shade levels

Climatic conditions prevailing in oil palm growing states of India indicate the need for shade during primary stage of oil palm nursery for optimum growth and vigour of seedlings. Experiments were conducted to standardize the shade requirement based on growth/quality of oil palm seedlings in summer, rainy and winter seasons by providing 25%, 50% and 75% ultra violet stabilized high density poly ethylene (HDPE) shade nets. Results were found significant among the treatments for most of the growth parameters studied over the seasons. Highergrowth for key characters like seedling height, leaf area, collar girth and dry matter production were recorded at 75% shade level. Similarly, higher chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and inter cellular CO2 concentration were observed at 75% shade. Among the season, seedling growth was vigorous in rainy season followed by summer and winter seasons. Hence, provision of 75% shade found to be ideal for raising seedlings during primary stage of nursery in oil palm

Harnessing Deep Learning Techniques for Text Clustering and Document Categorization

This research paper delves into the realm of deep text clustering algorithms with the aim of enhancing the accuracy of document classification. In recent years, the fusion of deep learning techniques and text clustering has shown promise in extracting meaningful patterns and representations from textual data. This paper provides an in-depth exploration of various deep text clustering methodologies, assessing their efficacy in improving document classification accuracy. Delving into the core of deep text clustering, the paper investigates various feature representation techniques, ranging from conventional word embeddings to contextual embeddings furnished by BERT and GPT models.By critically reviewing and comparing these algorithms, we shed light on their strengths, limitations, and potential applications. Through this comprehensive study, we offer insights into the evolving landscape of document analysis and classification, driven by the power of deep text clustering algorithms.Through an original synthesis of existing literature, this research serves as a beacon for researchers and practitioners in harnessing the prowess of deep learning to enhance the accuracy of document classification endeavors

Identification of Somatic Mosaicism in the blood and uninvolved margin in breast cancer patients

Somatic mosaicism is the presence of genetically diverse lineage of somatic cells within an organism even though deriving from a single zygote. Mosaicism is known to occur in many diseases. Breast cancer is the second most cause of deaths in woman caused by malignant tumor. Breast cancer was a common malignancy and main cause of morbidity and disease related mortality among women. By studying the genetic profiles of the cells surrounding the primary tumor and blood of same patient may reveal the cause of tumor cells. The purpose of this study was to identify the presence of somatic mosaicism in healthy uninvolved margin of breast tissue surrounding the primary tumor and blood of breast cancer patient by using Illumina 1M BeadChip and Nimblegen 720K array. So far, all long and very rigorous research explains only 10% of the breast cancer. This indicates the complexity of cancer and the factors responsible for the development of tumor in healthy tissues. Results from whole genome genotyping by Illumina 1M beadchip of blood and cells surrounding the primary tumor of same patient indicate the presence of somatic mosaicism in chromosome 6, 8 and 18 of ML36B (uninvolved margin), ML36A2 and ML36A3 (primary tumor) which was confirmed by genotyping with Nimblegen 720K microarrays. Genotyping also showed the presence of genomic imbalance in genetic makeup of the healthy tissue surrounding the primary tumor. It is to be likely that rate of discovery of somatic mosaicism in the small proportion of studies cells might continue to accelerate the studies on genetic heterogeneity of breast malignancies. As well as studies by comparing the genetic profiles of tumours and tissue surrounding the primary tumour may lead to identify the genomic aberrations in context to cancer progression