Ethnography of Child Labor in Paotere City of Makassar

This article uses ethnographic research method to analyze the phenomenon of child labor in Paotere. It discusses history and culture of children working in Paotere. The family environment of child laborers also influenced them to work to have secondary income earners for the family. Data collection was conducted for one year from January to December 2021. This research uses four stages: firstly identification, data collection, data reduction and directional discussion. Data collection includes observation, in-depth interviews, and group discussions. Dialogue between exploitation and culture retained by child laborers is discoursed specifically in this article.Abstrak: Artikel ini menggunakan metode penelitian etnografi untuk menganalisis fenomena pekerja anak di Paotere. Ini membahas sejarah dan budaya anak-anak yang bekerja di Paotere. Lingkungan keluarga pekerja anak juga mempengaruhi mereka untuk bekerja mencari nafkah sampingan bagi keluarga. Pengumpulan data dilakukan selama satu tahun dari Januari hingga Desember 2021. Penelitian ini menggunakan empat tahapan yaitu identifikasi, pengumpulan data, reduksi data dan pembahasan terarah. Pengumpulan data meliputi observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan diskusi kelompok. Dialog antara eksploitasi dan budaya yang dipertahankan oleh pekerja anak diwacanakan secara khusus dalam artikel ini

Prevalence of Autism/ASD Among Preschool and School-age Children in Norway

In recent years, there has been a considerable rise in prevalence rates for autism/autism spectrum disorders (ASD) around the globe. Understanding the patterns of prevalence is essential for policy development at national and local levels that effectively plans for medical, psychological, behavior analytical, and educational interventions. This study presents new data on the prevalence of ASD among preschool and school-age children (ages 1–16 years) in Norway. Based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) criteria for diagnosis, the rate of ASD increased from 2014 to 2016. The study found a much higher increase in prevalence rate among preschool-age (1–5 years) children than school-age (6–16 years) children over the same 2-year period. At the same time, however, the rate of ASD among school-age children (6–16) compared with that among preschool children (1–5) is higher in 2014 and 2016, indicating a school-age effect. The results also indicate a shifting pattern of gender difference in diagnosed preschool-age children. The male-to-female ratio receiving an ASD diagnosis has increased from 4.46:1 in 2014 to 4.57:1 in 2016, suggesting that the gender gap may be slightly widening for preschool children. For school-age children, the gender gap (male-to-female ratio) is slightly narrowing, moving from 3.53:1 in 2014 to 3.46:1 in 2016. While these changes may not seem significant, the implications of the full findings are discussed

NON-PARAMETRIC REGRESSION ESTIMATION FOR DATA WITH EQUAL VALUES

Parametric regression analysis depends on some assumptions. One of the most important of assumption is that the type of relationship between dependent and independent variable or variables is known. Under such circumstances, in order to make better assumptions, regression methods which enable flexibility in the linearity assumption of the parametric regression are needed. These methods are nonparametric methods known as semi parametric regression methods. Estimation of parameters in a parametric regression which has independent variables of different values has been studied extensively in literature. Sometimes, one or more observation series of independent variable values can be equal while dependent variable values are different. This study offers a new method for the estimation of regression parameters under such data. Proposed method and other nonparametric methods such as Theil, Mood-Brown, Hodges- Lehmann methods and OLS method were compared with the sample data and the results were evaluated

Perancangan Alat Bantu Mesin Bubut untuk Menaikkan Gaya Cekam (Studi Kasus untuk Produk Poolschif, Part dari Mikroskop Elektron)

Produk poolschijf merupakan bagian (part) dari mikroskop elektron berbentuk pipih karena itu sulit dicekamketikadimesin oleh mesin bubut CNC (Computer Numerical Control).Pada penelitian ini dilakukan perancangan alat bantu (fixture) untuk menaikkan gaya cekam ini agar dapat dipenuhi parameter permesinan optimum yang diinginkan. Parameter permesinan optimum yang ingin dicapai adalah kecepatan potong (cutting speed) 200 m/min, kecepatan makan (feed) 0,3 mm/put, kedalaman potong 1,5 mm pada kecepatan spindle 1500 rpmmenggunakan pahat insert Taegutec, grade TT5100(P20). Sebelumnya tanpa menggunakan alat bantu kondisi permesinan adalah kecepatan potong (cutting speed) 160 m/min, kecepatan makan (feed) 0,15 mm/put, kedalaman potong 1,0 mm. Dari hasil perancangan alat ini diperoleh kenaikkan gaya cekam 40,91% menjadi 2,2 Mpa sekaligus menurunkan gaya centrifugal serta menambah kekakuan benda kerja sehingga kondisi pemotongan optimum yang diinginkan dapat tercapai. Dipihak lain terjadi pengurangan waktu permesinan dan pengurangan bahan baku produk. Demikian penggunaan alat bantu ini dapat menurunkan ongkos produksi serta menghemat bahan baku

Capacities of Grassmann channels

A new class of quantum channels called Grassmann channels is introduced and their classical and quantum capacity is calculated. The channel class appears in a study of the two-mode squeezing operator constructed from operators satisfying the fermionic algebra. We compare Grassmann channels with the channels induced by the bosonic two-mode squeezing operator. Among other results, we challenge the relevance of calculating entanglement measures to assess or compare the ability of bosonic and fermionic states to send quantum information to uniformly accelerated frames.Comment: 33 pages, Accepted in Journal of Mathematical Physics; The role of the (fermionic) braided tensor product for quantum Shannon theory, namely capacity formulas, elucidated; The conclusion on the equivalence of Unruh effect for bosons and fermions for quantum communication purposes made clear and even more precis

Inpatient charges among HIV/AIDS patients in Rhode Island from 2000–2004

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Inpatient HIV/AIDS charges decreased from 1996–2000. This decrease was mainly attributable to treatment of HIV/AIDS patients with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). This study aims to evaluate the trend in inpatient charges from 2000–2004.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Rhode Island Hospital Discharge Data (HDD) from 2000 to 2004 was used. International Classification of Disease (ICD-9) diagnosis code 042–044 was used to identify HIV/AIDS admissions. The final study population included 1927 HIV/AIDS discharges. We used a multivariable linear regression model to examine the factors associated with inflation adjusted inpatient charges.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found a significant increase in inpatient charges from 2000–2004 after adjusting for length of stay (LOS), gender, age, race and point of entry for hospitalization. In addition to calendar year, LOS, gender and race were also associated with inpatient charges.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>HIV/AIDS inpatient charges increased after adjusting for inflation despite earlier studies that showed a decline. Our results have implications for uninsured, as well as insured HIV/AIDS patients who do not have a medical plan that covers their charges sufficiently. Future research should investigate what factors are contributing to rising inpatient charges among HIV/AIDS patients.</p