Deposition of ZnO-Al (AZO) thin films for optical properties

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is an inorganic compound and it is doped with aluminum to increase its capabilities. Aluminum Zinc Oxide (AZO) thin films are semiconductor materials that have band gap energy of 3.3eV. Various method of deposition have been study to growth AZO thin films. It has been extensively use in solar cell application, display application, gas sensing purposes, and thin film transistors (TFTs). In this work, sol gel method and spin coating was used to deposited AZO thin films. The ZnO sol-gel were synthesized using zinc acetate dihydrate as precursor, isopropanol as solvent, diethanolamine as sol stabilizer, and distilled water as oxidation agent. Then, synthesized ZnO were doped with different mole ratio of aluminum nitrate nanohydrate to produced AZO. The glass substrate was used as substrate and AZO thin films were then calcinated at 300°C and 500°C. The characterization of AZO thin film were done using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The XRD results show that the ZnO with hexagonal wurtzite-type structure and temperature does have effect on the film intensity which related to crystallinity of thin films. Through AFM analysis, the value of RMS decreases from 3.018 nm to 2.240 nm as the temperature increases. Meanwhile, from UV-Vis result, it can be seen that AZO thin film have a high transmittance percentage above 90% after wavelength 400 nm with band gap value of 3.3 eV. FESEM image show that the grain boundary of AZO decrease with both parameter (mole ratio and calcinations temperature). Both parameters do have effect on AZO thin film. EDX analysis shows that there are existence of zinc, oxide, and aluminum

Pengembangan Multimedia Interaktif Pada Mata Pelajaran Produktif Tkj Di Smk Widyagama Malang

Information technology is useful only as a medium of information is a very important role in the search for information, it is inversely proportional to that existing in SMK Widyagama unfortunate, especially on the issue of learning is carried out with conventional methods that teachers simply do meaningful assisted power point lecture. Presentations used are limited to static media, so as to the concept of data flow on the network is less understood by the students, while the students-students of SMK Widyagama Malang at this point is equipped with TAB Android. To overcome these limitations, the LAN-based learning media is used interactive multimedia as teaching aids in learning. To produce the product development. research test media experts, subject matter experts and students - Students of SMK Widyagama Malang.The results empirically development in the form of web multimedia interactive teaching competence of the human respiratory system. The products have been validated and fit for use as an alternative medium of interactive learning at school TKJ, with the results of the validation of media experts on average by 85.2%, materials experts give an average value of 99.1%, and 93.1 students validation results.Teknologi informasi bermanfaathanya sebagai media informasi yang sangat berperan penting dalam mencari informasi, hal ini berbanding terbalik dengan yang ada di SMK Widyagama malang, terutama pada masalah pembelajaran masih dilaksanakan dengan metode konvensional yakni guru hanya melakukan ceramah berbantuan power point. Presentasi yang digunakan masih sebatas media statis, sehingga untuk konsep aliran data pada jaringan kurang bisa dipahami oleh siswa, sedangkan para siswa-siswi SMK Widyagama Malang pada saat ini sudah dibekali TAB Android. Untuk mengatasi keterbatasan tersebut maka digunakanlah media pembelajaran LAN berbasis multimedia interaktif sebagai media bantu dalam pembelajaran. Untuk menghasilkan produk pengembangan ini penelitian melakukan uji coba pada macam macam validator, antara lain ahli media, ahli materi dan siswa-siswi SMK Widyagama Malang. Hasil penelitia pengembangan berupa web multimedia pembelajaran interaktif kompetensi mata pelajaran produktif TKJ (Teknik Komputer Jaringan). Produk telah divalidasi dan layak digunakan sebagai salah satu alternatif media pembelajaran interaktif TKJ di sekolah, dengan hasil validasi dari ahli media rata-rata sebesar 85,2%, ahli materi memberikan nilai rata-rata sebesar 99,1%, dan hasil validasi siswa 93.1%

Ofloxacin-induced maculopapular rash in the infant

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in countries having limited healthcare resources. The ofloxacin is an antimicrobial used for treating several bacterial infections. The ofloxacin, belonging to quinolone group of drugs, is bactericidal and acts by inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase. Among the adverse drug reaction of ofloxacin, skin rashes are rare. An ofloxacin-induced maculopapular rash is the unique rare condition in the infant. The present case report was assessing the causality in ofloxacin induced maculopapular rash in the infant. Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale and World Health Organization and Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO-UMC) system for standardized case causality assessment were used for assessing the causality. According to the Naranjo and WHO-UMC, ofloxacin scaled as the probable/likely cause of this ADR in infant. So, authors can conclude that the ofloxacin should be used cautiously in the pediatric age group

The antipsychotic activity of alcoholic extract of Withania coagulans fruits in Swiss albino mice

Background: Schizophrenia is one of the most distressing central nervous system (CNS) disorders. It is described by positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. These symptoms can be controlled by the antipsychotic medicines. The numerous antipsychotic medications used today are not lacking the adverse drug reactions. The Withania coagulans a susceptible species, is not explored much for its CNS effects except in late seventies. Therefore, it was thought worthwhile to investigate anti-psychotic activities of alcoholic extract of Withania coagulans fruits. The objective of the present study was to assess the antipsychotic activity of alcoholic extract of Withania coagulans fruits in Swiss albino mice by Cook’s Pole Climb Apparatus for conditioned avoidance response (CAR)Methods: Cook’s Pole Climb Apparatus for conditioned avoidance response was used for assessing the antipsychotic activity of the alcoholic extract of 200mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg doses of Withania coagulans fruits.Results: There was statistically (p-value >0.05) no significant association between any of the 200mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg doses of the alcoholic extracts of Withania coagulans fruits with antipsychotic activity in Swiss albino mice.Conclusions: Withania coagulans fruits alcoholic extract did not demonstrate antipsychotic activity in Swiss albino mice under standard conditions

Systematic review of adverse drug reactions of ofloxacin

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in countries having limited healthcare resources. Of all the Adverse Drug Reactions, antimicrobials contribute 28% which is highest compared to the other drugs. Ofloxacin is an antimicrobial used for treating several bacterial infections. Incidence rate of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to ofloxacin is 4.27%. Although these figures appear to be small, it is consumed for gastrointestinal infections along with ornidazole in India contributing significant burden of ADRs. However, there is no research done in past many years focusing on the adverse drug reactions of ofloxacin. This article bridges the gap of such a need. The objective of the present study was to review the adverse drug reactions related to ofloxacin in human and animal studies. Authors conducted Pubmed and Cochrane library search to review all the articles related to the adverse drug reaction of ofloxacin from 1980 to 2016. Authors got 84 articles pertaining to the adverse drug reactions of ofloxacin. Authors conclude that ofloxacin should be judiciously used as the side effect profile is increasing.

The antianxiety activity of aqueous extract of Withania coagulans fruits in swiss albino mice by elevated plus maze

Background: Several anti-anxiety drugs used today have the numerous side effects. The Withania coagulans a rare species, is not studied much for its actions on anxiety except in late seventies where it was explored for neuropsychopharmacology. Thus, it was thought commendable to explore the anti-anxiety activities of aqueous extract of Withania coagulans fruits in swiss albino mice using elevated plus maze test.Methods: Elevated plus maze (EPM) test was used for evaluating the anti-anxiety action of Withania coagulans fruits’ aqueous extract. If the extract had anti-anxiety action, then it was expected that the time spent in the open space would increase and that in the closed space would decrease. This increase in time in the open space, if found statistically significant, was considered for antianxiety action.Results: There was statistically highly significant (p value <0.001) association observed between the aqueous extract of Withania coagulans fruits with antianxiety action in the swiss albino mice by elevated plus maze test.Conclusions: The aqueous extract of Withania coagulans fruits did prove the antianxiety effect in the swiss albino mice by elevated plus maze test

The spontaneous motor activity of aqueous extract of Withania coagulans fruits in Swiss albino mice by actophotometer

Background: People spend about one third of their time in sleep every day. The various sedative and hypnotic medications used today have numerous side effects. In the late seventies a very little work was done on the Withania coagulans - a vulnerable species that is found scattered in the world. Therefore, it was essential to discover the CNS depressant activities of aqueous extract of Withania coagulans fruits in swiss albino mice by using actophotometer.Methods: The spontaneous locomotor activity was evaluated by using the actophotometer. The CNS depressant drugs decrease the locomotor activity in mice as they impair the motor coordination so that mice stay at one place for the longer time. Therefore, there is less disruption of the beams of light. This spontaneous locomotor activity time is statistically correlated among the control, standard and the test drugs.Results: There was statistically highly significant (p value <0.001) association observed between aqueous extract of Withania coagulans fruits with spontaneous locomotor activity in swiss albino mice on the actophotometer.Conclusions: The aqueous extract of Withania coagulans fruits demonstrated the CNS depressant activity in swiss albino mice by actophotometer

Wear behavior of heat-treated coated carbon steel

A particular type of steel has a higher concentration of carbon than other types of steel called carbon steel. This study focused on the electrodeposition coating of Nickel Silicon Carbide (Ni-SiC) composite coating at 50 oC. In this study, medium carbon steel was used as a substrate. 25 g/l SiC was used during the deposition. The carbon steel was acted as the cathode and the carbon rod as an anode during electrodeposition. The coated sample was heat-treated at 350 OC for 1 hour. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the surface morphology and microstructure of the coated and heat-treated sample before and after the wear test. The coated sample's element composition and phase distribution are determined using the Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). To identify the hardness of the composite coating, Vickers micro-hardness test was used on the surface of the sample with 100g load in 10 seconds with ten indentations. Weight loss method was conducted to determine the average wear resistance of the sample. The wear behavior of the Ni-SiC was evaluated using the weight loss method with 3 g/l alumina as the abrasive material. The results showed that the heat-treated coating had higher wear resistance than the without heat treatment. The findings also showed that the sample with the heat-treatment process had a higher hardness. This proved that the heat-treated sample had the best wear behavior and hardness value compared to without heat treatment due to denser coating produce