Characterization of LUSI Mud as Geopolymer Raw Material

The mud of mud volcano samples were collected from an eruption site named ‘LUSI’ (Lumpur “mud” –Sidoarjo), East Java, Indonesia for characterization. Analysis showed that, the major constituents of mud are SiO2 and Al2O3 which are higher than those in fly ash. The particle of mud has a flake-shaped particle and the overall particle size is dominated by particles between 2.5μm – 25.0μm. The results of XRD shows that mud of mud volcano have a characteristic of structurally disordered compounds, and a set of peaks corresponding to minor crystalline phases such as quartz, feldspars, and kaolinite. FTIR adsorption bands of the raw material of mud have the chemical bonding between bands 1-5

Reviews on the Properties of Aggregates made with or without Geopolymerisation Method

Aggregates are popular for use in concrete and lightweight concrete applications. Recent research shows that the by-product materials such as fly ash can be used as raw material in producing aggregates and lightweight aggregates. The usage of this material can improve the quality of the aggregates produced compared to conventional in term of structurally strong, physically stable, durable, and environmentally inert. This paper summarized the process and mechanical testing on the fly ash aggregates and lightweight aggregates to be used in concrete

Effect of Curing Profile on Kaolin-based Geopolymers

AbstractDepending on the processing conditions, geopolymers can exhibit a wide variety of properties and characteristics. Curing profile serves as a crucial parameter in synthesis of geopolymers. In this paper, the influence of curing temperature and curing time on the properties of kaolin-based geopolymer was studied. The samples were separated into several curing conditions; including curing at ambient temperature, 40°C, 60°C, 80°C and 100°C for 1 day, and up to 3 days. The compressive strength and SEM analysis of geopolymer products were evaluated. Results showed that curing condition has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of kaolin-based geopolymer. Generally, curing at ambient temperature was not feasible, while increase in temperature favored the strength development. In addition, prolonged curing time improved the geopolymerization process, and led to higher strength gain. However, curing at high temperature for a long period of time caused failure of the sample at a later age

Simulation Study on Hypervelocity Penetration of Lab Scaled Shape Charge Mechanism

Shaped charge (SC) is a mechanism used by defence industries as anti-armored weapon to penetrate armored plates.  Numerous studies have been conducted on the shaped charged effects.  However, experimental studies are limited due to great safety requirement and limited access to high grade explosive.  Due to these limitations, an experimental study on a small-scale shaped charge mechanism (SCM) penetration blast test was conducted against five (5) types of target materials.  The experimental data is then verified by simulation to proof that it can be used to predict the SC penetration data. This paper intent to present a comparative study on the effect of shaped charge blast conducted by simulation with the actual experimental results. In order to conduct this study, a 2D AUTODYN software were used to develop the SC blast model against five (5) types of target materials.  This study concludes that the 2D AUTODYN simulations results can predict the hypervelocity penetration for all target materials compared to the experimental test with an average difference of 9.1 %

Simulation Study on Hypervelocity Penetration of Lab Scaled Shape Charge Mechanism

Shaped charge (SC) is a mechanism used by defence industries as anti-armored weapon to penetrate armored plates.  Numerous studies have been conducted on the shaped charged effects.  However, experimental studies are limited due to great safety requirement and limited access to high grade explosive.  Due to these limitations, an experimental study on a small-scale shaped charge mechanism (SCM) penetration blast test was conducted against five (5) types of target materials.  The experimental data is then verified by simulation to proof that it can be used to predict the SC penetration data. This paper intent to present a comparative study on the effect of shaped charge blast conducted by simulation with the actual experimental results. In order to conduct this study, a 2D AUTODYN software were used to develop the SC blast model against five (5) types of target materials.  This study concludes that the 2D AUTODYN simulations results can predict the hypervelocity penetration for all target materials compared to the experimental test with an average difference of 9.1 %

Investigating The Possibility Of Utilization Of Kaolin And The Potential Of Metakaolin To Produce Green Cement For Construction Purposes -A Review

Abstract: Geopolymers are inorganic alkali aluminosilicate gels, formed from reaction of mineral clays or aluminosilicate-bearing industrial wastes, and treated with alkali silicate solution at 40 -80°C. Geopolymers have been studied for several decades due to their excellent mechanical properties. They are suitable for use in construction and refractory applications. This paper summarizes some important research findings over the last 30 years and attempts to explain the chemistry and reaction mechanisms of the geopolymerisation process. Moreover, the paper emphasizes the potential to produce green cement powder from kaolin and metakaolin as an alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC)

Adsorption of C02 and CH4 on metal-cation exchange zeolite

The effect of polyvalent cations on adsorption capacity of zeolites has been reported in the literature, which indicated that the adsorptive capacity increases with increasing charge density of the cation. The effects of metal balancing cation in zeolite structure on gas adsorption depend primarily on the size and shape of the gas molecule, the size of the cation and its location in the channel, and its interaction with the gas molecule. Modification of zeolite using cation exchange technique was used to determine the effect of different cation on gas adsorption characteristics. In this study, sodium cations originally present in zeolites are exchanged with other metal cations. It is observed that at very low concentration of adsorbed gas, the type of cation influences the adsorption characteristics, in which divalent cations adsorb more than monovalent cations exchanged zeolite. At higher concentrations of adsorbed gas, the effect of cation is insignificant. However, different gases adsorb differently depending on the adsorbate-adsorbent interactions

FTIR spectroscopy of methane adsorption on zeolites

Adsorption of gases onto zeolites studied by various methods revealed the important of zeolite physical and structural properties such as pore network system, pore size, and surface area. The effect of zeolite properties on methane adsorption was investigated using ZSM-5, mordenite, ferrierite, zeolite beta, and faujasite-type zeolites (NaX, NaY, and NaYSI8) as adsorbents. The adsorbed methane was detected in the region between 3200 - 1200 em" using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The experimental results show that surface area is not the only factor that determines methane adsorption, in fact, the type of pore network system of the adsorbent also affects the adsorption of methane on zeolite. It also suggests that zeolites such as NaX and NaY are potential methane adsorbents

CO2 separation using modified MCM-41 in PSA

Prevention of excessive amounts of CO2 is one of the main serious environmental problems facing humanity, due to its significant impact on climate change. Today, CO2 from natural gas is normally separated with alkanoamines in aqueous solution. Nevertheless, this liquid amine based processes pose operating difficulties due to equipments corrosion, solvent leakage, large equipment size and high regeneration energy. Adsorption is recognized as an economically attractive and proficient separation method toward substituting conventional CO2 separation processes as it is predicted to offer low requirements of energy for porous adsorbent regeneration while able to combine high productivity and selectivity. In this study, mesoporous material MCM-41 was synthesized and modified using monoethanolamine, MEA directly to the surface of the solid sorbents. The MCM-41 structures and physical properties were characterized using powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), BET surface analysis on nitrogen adsorption at 77K and thermogravimetric analysis. CO2 adsorption and desorption measurement were determined using of Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) system. It was found that incorporation of MEA into MCM-41 showed better result compared to unmodified MCM-41 in term of improvement in physical and chemical properties, high CO2 adsorption capacity and modified adsorbents were ease of regeneration

Evaluation of Pelletized Artificial Geopolymer Aggregate Manufactured From Volcano Ash

This paper introduced the new pelletized artificial geopolymer aggregate made from volcano ash. This is one of the effort to diminish the high quantity of volcano mud from East Java, Indonesia, that become a major issue since May 29, 2006 when it surfaced from the bowel of the earth and impacted an area of almost 770 hectare to a depth of 20 m, and thirty thousand people have been displaced which cost Indonesia $3.7 billion in damages and damage control. The characterization of volcano ash was first examined. The major constituent was SiO2 and Al2O3 for this material. The microstructure properties showed the volcano ash has a plate like structure and the shell covered outer surface of this aggregate appear naturally. The geopolymer artificial aggregate was examined with various curing temperature of 500 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C. The results show that the specific gravity of geopolymer artificial aggregate was in the range of 1.7-2.0 g/cm3. The lowest specific gravity was observed at sintering temperature of 800°C. The water absorption can be modulated by controlling the sintering temperature