Kliiniliste mastiitide diagnoosimine, ravi tulemuslikkus ja patogeenide antimikroobne resistentsus Eestis

Mastitis is a most common bovine disease, causing a large economic impact on dairy industry, due to increased treatment cost, decreased milk quality and unnecessary culling of dairy cows. The primary objective of present research was to evaluate clinical mastitis pathogens, antimicrobial resistance and treatment efficacy in Estonian dairy cows. The second objective was to find association between local inflammatory reaction in the udder and bacteriological diagnosis of clinical mastitis using PCR-based method. The clinical mastitis udder pathogens and risk factors in primiparous and multiparous dairy cows were evaluated in eleven Estonian dairy herds. During one-year study period, the incidence rate of clinical mastitis at calving was 6.4% among 1053 primiparous dairy cows. The study showed that housing system was not a significant risk factor for clinical mastitis of freshly calved heifers. Moving heifers to the calving facilities too late increased risk for clinical mastitis at parturition in tie-stall farms. The isolated udder pathogens in heifers did not differ significantly in tie-stall farms compared to freestall farms, but differences were found between heifers and multiparous cows at parturition. To estimate the distribution of udder pathogens and their antibiotic resistance in Estonia during the years 2007-2009, 3058 clinical mastitis samples from 190 farms and 5146 subclinical mastitis samples from 274 farms were investigated. Streptococcus uberis was the bacterium isolated most frequently (18.4%) from cases of clinical mastitis, followed by E. coli (15.9%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (11.9%). The bacteria that caused subclinical mastitis were mainly Staphyloccus aureus (20%) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (15.4%). Antimicrobial resistance was highly prevalent. The proportion of Staphylococcus aureus and CNS isolates that were resistant to penicillin was 61.4% and 38.5%, respectively. Among the E. coli isolates, ampicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline resistance were observed in 24.3%, 15.6% and 13.5%, respectively. The quantity of bacterial DNA in milk samples was associated with concentrations of APP and NAGase activity in the milk. These indicators reflect the inflammatory reaction in the mammary gland, and their concentrations increased with increasing severity of mastitis. Concentrations of APP and NAGase activity in milk significantly differed between different mastitis-causing bacterial species. Milk amyloid A and Hp concentrations and NAGase activity were significantly higher in samples with large quantities of bacterial DNA from Escherichia coli or Streptococcus dysgalactiae compared with milk samples not containing those species. Milk samples containing Corynebacterium bovis and coagulase-negative staphylococci had significantly lower concentrations of MAA and Hp and lower NAGase activity compared with samples where these species were not detected. The efficacy of benzylpenicillin for the treatment of clinical mastitis (n=140) caused by Gram-positive bacteria susceptible to penicillin in vitro was not affected by the route of drug administration. Altogether, 80.3% of the quarters with systemic treatment and 74.7% of the quarters with IMM treatment exhibited a clinical cure, and 54.1% and 55.7% exhibited a bacteriological cure, respectively.Mastiit ehk udarapõletik on piimalehmade levinuim haigus, põhjustades suurt majanduslikku kahju, eeskätt suurenenud ravikulude, halvenenud piimakvaliteedi ning lehmade enneaegse karjast praakimise tõttu. Käesoleva doktoritöö eesmärgiks oli uurida kliinilise mastiidi patogeenide esinemust, antibiootikumiresistentsust ning ravi tulemuslikkust Eesti lüpsilehmadel. Samuti oli eesmärgiks leida seoseid kvantitatiivse PCR meetodiga diagnoositud kliinilise mastiidi patogeenide ja udaras tekkiva paikse põletikureaktsiooni vahel. Üheteistkümnes karjas hinnati esmapoegijate ja korduvpoegijate kliinilise mastiidi haigustekitajaid ning riskitegureid, mis võivad põhjustada poegimise päeval suuremat kliinilisse mastiiti haigestumist. Üheaastase vaatlusperioodil kokku poeginud 1053st esmaspoegijast haigestus poegimise päeval kliinilisse mastiiti 6,4%. Haigestumine ei sõltunud esmaspoegijate pidamisviisist. Esmapoegijatel isoleeritud mastiidipatogeenid olid vabapidamisega ja lõaspidamisega lüpsilautades sarnased, kuid erinesid korduvpoegijatel. Kliinilise ja subkliinilise mastiidi patogeenide jaotumist ning kliinilise mastiidi patogeenide antibiootikumiresistentsust hinnati 2007-2009 aastani Eesti Veterinaar- ja Toidulaboratooriumisse toodud piimaproovide põhjal. Selles uuringus leiti, et enim põhjustab kliinilist mastiiti Streptococcus uberis (18,4%), Escherichia coli (15,9%), subkliinilisi aga Staphylococcus aureus (20%) ja koagulaasnegatiivsed stafülokokid (15,4%). Kliinilise mastiidi patogeenide resistentsus antibiootikumide suhtes oli väga kõrge. Isoleeritud Staphylococus aureus´e (n=174) resistentsus penitsilliini suhtes oli 61,6% ja koagulaasnegatiivsete stafülokokkide resistentsus (n=173) 38,5%. Streptokokkide hulgas esines resistentsust tetratsükliini ja gentamütsiini suhtes. Kõrge oli ka stafülokkide ja streptokokkide resistentsus makroliidide suhtes. Esherichia coli isolaatidest 24,3%, 15,6% ja 13,5% olid resistentsed vastavalt ampitsilliini, streptomütsiini ja tetratsükliinide suhtes. Meie uurimistulemused näitasid, et piimaproovis sisalduva haigustekitaja bakteriaalse DNA hulk ja kliinilise mastiidi korral tekkiv udara paikne põletikureaktsioon on omavahel oluliselt seotud. Nende udaraveerandite piimaproovides, kus tuvastatati suures koguses Escherichia coli või Streptocccus dysgalactiae, oli põletikureaktsioon oluliselt tugevam võrreldes nende udaraveerandite piimaproovidega, kus nimetatud baktereid ei esinenud. Udaraveerandites, kus esines vähesel määral koagulaasnegatiivsed stafülokokid või Corynebacterium bovis, oli aga oluliselt väiksem põletikureaktsioon võrreldes udaraveeranditega, kus neid bakteriliike ei leitud. Kliinilise mastiidi ravikatsest selgus, et lehma udaraveerandi kliiniline ja bakterioloogiline tervistumine ei sõltunud sellest, kas bensüülpenitsilliin manustati lihastesisesi või nisajuha kaudu. Nisajuha kaudu ravitud udaraveeranditest tervistus kliiniliselt 74,7% ja lihastesisese raviga 80,4%. Bakterioloogiline tervistumine oli vastavalt 55,6 ja 55,2%

School textbooks in the field of socialisation

http://www.ester.ee/record=b1308053*es

Supporting and hindering factors to adults in the process of learning English in non-formal education

Lifelong learning is considered to be of great importance in the whole world, including Estonia. Goals set in education in Estonia prioritise learning other languages as well as increasing the number of adults in lifelong learning generally. Although the number of adult learners in Estonia is increasing every year, more adults could be engaged in non-formal education. Thus, it is of high priority to enhance the quality of courses tailored to adults. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate, which factors support or hinder adult learners enrolled at a non-formal education centre learning English. There are two research questions: 1. What factors support learning English as reported by adult learners in non-formal education? and 2. What factors hinder learning English as reported by adult learners in non-formal education?https://www.ester.ee/record=b5461580*es

Chapter 19 Social generations and societal changes

This book focuses on social transformations as one of the central topics in the social sciences. The study of European social transformations is very valuable in the context of universal discussions within social sciences: explaining invariable, universal attributes of societies and examining changing attributes. The book consists of 20 chapters on European social transformations, written from the perspectives of distinguished scholars from such disciplines as economics, political science, educational science, geography, media and communication studies, public management and administration, social psychology and sociology. The temporal and spatial range of the book is wide, including such global changes as time-space compression, focusing particularly on change processes in Europe during the last two decades. The book consists of four main parts, beginning with an overview of the theoretical and methodological approaches, and then focusing separately on post-communist transformations, institutional drivers of social transformations in the European Union, and European transformations in the context of global processes. The book presents current theoretical, empirical and methodological approaches that complement the scientific literature on social transformations. This book is both an invaluable resource for scholars and an indispensable teaching tool for use in the classroom and will be of interest to students, academics, and policy-makers studying how this diverse region has changed over recent years

The role of Estonian teachers in the social mediation of children’s internet use

Õpetajatel on oluline roll laste ettevalmistamisel internetimaailmas toimetulekuks. Artiklis analüüsitakse Eesti õpetajate tegevust 9–16aastaste laste internetikasutuse sotsiaalses vahendamises, mille mõõtmiseks kasutati kaheksat tunnust EU Kids Online’i uuringust. Tulemused näitavad, et enamik Eesti õpetajatest on õpilaste internetikasutust sotsiaalselt vahendanud: üksnes 13% lastest ei suutnud meenutada, et nad oleks õpetajatelt kunagi juhiseid või informatsiooni saanud. Peamised erinevused Eesti õpetajate tegevuses ilmnesid keele ja asula suuruse puhul. Uuring lubab väita, et eesti keelt rääkivate ja väikestest asulatest pärit laste õpetajad vahendavad laste internetitegevusi aktiivsemalt ja mitmekülgsemalt ning pakuvad internetiohtude korral rohkem nõuandeid. See, kuidas on õpetajate tegevus ja laste kokkupuude internetiohtudega omavahel seotud, erineb vanuseja keelerühmiti. Internetis kahju kogemine ei ole seotud õpetajatepoolse sotsiaalse vahendamisega.  Summar