83 research outputs found
Evapotranspiration Calculation on the Basis of the Riparian Zone Water Balance
Riparian forests have a strong influence on groundwater levels and groundwater sustainedstream baseflow. An empirical and a hydraulic version of a new method were developed to calculateevapotranspiration values from riparian zone groundwater levels. The new technique was tested on thehydrometeorological data set of the HidegvĂz Valley (located in Sopron Hills at the eastern foothills ofthe Alps) experimental catchment. Evapotranspiration values of this new method were compared tothe Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration values on a half hourly scale and to the White methodevapotranspiration values on a daily scale. Sensitivity analysis showed that the more reliable hydraulicversion of our ET estimation technique is most sensitive (i.e., linearly) to the values of the saturatedhydraulic conductivity and specific yield taken from the riparian zone
Numerical Validation of a Diurnal Streamflow-Pattern-Based Evapotranspiration Estimation Method
The evapotranspiration (ET) estimation method by Gr
ibovszki et al. (2010b) has so far
been validated only at one catchment because good q
uality discharge time series with the required
high enough temporal resolution can probably be fou
nd at only a handful of watersheds worldwide. To
fill in the gap of measured data, synthetic groundw
ater discharge values were produced by a 2D finite
element model representing a small catchment. Geome
trical and soil physical parameters of the
numerical model were changed systematically and it
was checked how well the model reproduced the
prescribed ET time series. The tests corroborated t
hat the ET-estimation method is applicable for
catchments underlain by a shallow aquifer. The slop
e of the riparian zone has a strong impact on the
accuracy of the ET results when the slope is steep,
however, the method proved to be reliable for
gentle or horizontal riparian zone surfaces, which
are more typical in reality. Likewise, errors sligh
tly
increase with the decrease of riparian zone width,
and unless this width is comparable to the width of
the stream (the case of a narrow riparian zone), th
e ET estimates stay fairly accurate. The steepness
of
the valley slope had no significant effect on the r
esults but the increase of the stream width (over 4
m)
strongly influences the ET estimation results, so t
his method can only be used for small headwater
catchments. Finally, even a magnitude change in the
prescribed ET rates had only a small effect on the
estimation accuracy. The soil physical parameters,
however, strongly influence the accuracy of the
method. The model-prescribed ET values are recovere
d exactly only for the sandy-loam aquifer,
because only in this case was the model groundwater
flow system similar to the assumed, theoretical
one. For a low hydraulic conductivity aquifer (e.g.
clay, silt), root water uptake creates a considera
bly
depressed water table under the riparian zone, ther
efore the method underestimates the ET. In a sandy,
coarser aquifer the flow lines never become vertica
l even bellow the root zone, so the method
overestimates the ET rate, thus the estimated ET va
lues need to be corrected. Luckily the prescribed
and estimated ET rates express a very high linear c
orrelation, so the correction can be obtained by th
e
application of a constant, the value of which solel
y depends on soil type
Forest Litter Interception Model for a Sessile Oak Forest
Abstract
Models that describe hydrological processes in forests may help to estimate the consequences of forestry interventions or of climate change. The authors employed a hydrologic model for estimation of forest litter interception of a middle-aged sessile oak (Quercus petraea) stand. Antecedent water content and the storage capacity of the forest litter were the main parameters of the model. The antecedent water content of the litter was estimated by the daily precipitation and temperature data, collected in Hidegviz Valley research catchment in a three year measurement period (2006-2008). The measurements were done by an instrument we developed ourselves, where the undisturbed forest litter samples were enclosed in frames and measured in daily time steps.</jats:p
Hydrological impacts of various land cover types in the context of climate change for Zala County
The water balance of Zala County was analyzed using remote-sensing based actual
evapotranspiration (ETA) and runoff (R) in the context of land cover types. The highest mean ETA
rates were determined for water bodies (658 mm/year) and wetlands (622 mm/year). Forests have
higher values than agricultural areas, and the lowest rates belong to artificial surfaces. Mean annual
runoff is the largest on artificial surfaces (89 mm/year). For climate change impact analysis a Budykomodel
was used in spatially distributed mode. The parameter of the Budyko model (α) was calculated
for pixels without surplus water. For the extra water affected pixels a linear model with ÎČ parameter
(actual evapotranspiration / pan evapotranspiration) was used. These parameters (α and ÎČ) can be used
for evaluating future ETA and R in spatially distributed mode. According to the predictions, the mean
annual evapotranspiration may increase about 27 mm while the runoff may decrease to one third of the
present amount by end of the century
ErdĆsĂŒlt kisvĂzgyƱjtĆk hidrolĂłgiai Ă©s vĂzminĆsĂ©gi jellemzĆi = Hydrological and water quality charasteristics of forest covered catchments
A projekt a közel 20 Ă©ve folyamatosan mƱködĆ erdĆĂĄllomĂĄnyok vĂzhĂĄztartĂĄsĂĄval kapcsolatos kutatĂĄsokat tĂĄmogatta a Sopron melletti HidegvĂz-völgyben. A projekt keretĂ©ben a hidegvĂz-völgyi kĂsĂ©rleti vĂzgyƱjtĆ folyamatos mƱködtetĂ©se mellett egyes meglĂ©vĆ mĂ©rĂ©sek tĂ©rbeli Ă©s idĆbeli kiterjesztĂ©se törtĂ©nt meg, ill. Ășj jellemzĆk mĂ©rĂ©sĂ©t is beĂĄllĂtottuk. Az eddigi ĂĄllomĂĄnyklĂma, intercepciĂł Ă©s lefolyĂĄsmĂ©rĂ©sek mellett vizsgĂĄltuk az avarintercepciĂłt, a patakmenti talajvĂz Ă©s talajnedvessĂ©g vĂĄltozĂĄsĂĄt, a növĂ©nyĂĄllomĂĄnyok folyamatos fenolĂłgiai Ă©s növekedĂ©svizsgĂĄlatĂĄval kiegĂ©szĂtve. Az eddigi mennyisĂ©gi mĂ©rĂ©sek mellett egyes fiziko-kĂ©miai alapmĂ©rĂ©seket rendszeresĂtettĂŒnk 1-2 automata adatgyƱjtĆvel idĆben is kiterjesztve a mĂ©rĂ©seket. A projekt egyik legnagyobb eredmĂ©nye az erdĂ©szeti hidrolĂłgia Ă©s az erdĂ©szeti vĂzgazdĂĄlkodĂĄs terĂ©n az erdĆk evapotranszspirĂĄciĂłjĂĄnak szĂĄmĂtĂĄsĂĄra kidolgozott Ășj mĂłdszer. A projektben rĂ©sztvevĆ fiatal kutatĂłk a terepi, benti laboratĂłriumi Ă©s modellezĂ©si munkĂĄk sorĂĄn Ă©rtĂ©kes gyakorlati tapasztalatokat szereztek Ă©s kĂ©pessĂ© vĂĄltak a tudomĂĄnyterĂŒleten komoly tudomĂĄnyos eredmĂ©nyek elĂ©rĂ©sĂ©re Ă©s nemzetközi projektekben valĂł rĂ©szvĂ©telre. | This project contributed to the operation of the long term forest hydrological research in HidegvĂz Valley in the neighbourhood of Sopron. In the frame of this project in addition to the regular continuous working of earlier settled research activities (stand climate and interception measuring, runoff measurements) new attributes of forest hydrological cycle (forest litter interception, groundwater level and soil moisture, phenological state) has been started to measure. The earlier examined attributes measurements extended in spatial and in temporal scale also. In addition to the quantitative measurements, some basic water quality parameter has been started to measure with settling of some automatic sensors. New method is elaborated in the frame of this project, which will presumably widely used (because of its low cost demands and easy to use features). Moreover vegetation water use can be calculated with help of this novelty method more accurate than before. Young scientists, who took part of this project, gained a lot of experiences in field work, laboratory analysis and modelling. They became qualified experts in the theme of eco-hydrology and got ability to take part in international projects
A klimatikus jellemzĆk hatĂĄsai az ĂștpĂĄlyaszerkezetre
A környezeti jellemzĆk (elsĆsorban a hĆmĂ©rsĂ©klet, a csapadĂ©k, a lĂ©gnedvessĂ©g, a fagyĂĄs-olvadĂĄs ciklusok Ă©s a talajvĂz mĂ©lysĂ©ge) jelentĆs hatĂĄst gyakorolnak az Ăștburkolatok ĂĄllapotĂĄra Ă©s Ă©lettartamĂĄra tehĂĄt a pĂĄlyaszerkezetek mĂ©retezĂ©sĂ©nĂ©l is fontos tĂ©nyezĆkĂ©nt vehetĆk figyelembe. Az aszfaltburkolatĂș pĂĄlyaszerkezetek tartĂłssĂĄgĂĄnak szĂĄmĂtĂĄsĂĄnĂĄl, az egyszerƱen meghatĂĄrozhatĂł Ă©s ĂĄltalĂĄban könnyen elĂ©rhetĆ meteorolĂłgiai paramĂ©terek közĂŒl, a hĆmĂ©rsĂ©klet, ennek ingadozĂĄsa Ă©s a csapadĂ©k a figyelembe vehetĆ. BĂĄr a hĆmĂ©rsĂ©klettĆl fĂŒggĆ aszfalt merevsĂ©gi modulust a tĂ©nyleges, reĂĄlisan vĂĄrhatĂł aszfalthĆmĂ©rsĂ©klet alapjĂĄn cĂ©lszerƱ felvenni. Viszont ezen mĂ©rĂ©sek csak korlĂĄtozott szĂĄmban ĂĄllnak rendelkezĂ©sre, a lĂ©ghĆmĂ©rsĂ©klet mĂ©rĂ©sek viszont igen jĂłl lefedik az orszĂĄgot ezĂ©rt felhasznĂĄlhatĂłak az aszfalthĆmĂ©rsĂ©kletek becslĂ©sĂ©re (elsĆsorban szezonĂĄlisan, havi gyakorisĂĄggal). Jelen cikk a lĂ©ghĆmĂ©rsĂ©klet Ă©s a csapadĂ©k ĂĄltalĂĄnos vĂĄltozĂĄsi tendenciĂĄit mutatja be Ă©s hasonlĂtja össze MagyarorszĂĄgon hĂĄrom vizsgĂĄlati idĆszakra: 1951-1980; 1981-2010; 2016-2045
NDVI-based Downscaling of the CREMAP Actual Evapotranspiration Maps
The increasingly used remote sensing-based evapotranspiration estimation techniques provide information about the spatial and temporal variability of evapotranspiration on the field and regional scales. For Hungary, the most reliable evapotranspiration mapping model is the CREMAP (Calibration-Free Evapotranspiration Mapping), which uses MODIS surface temperature data. The CREMAP evapotranspiration with its 1000Ă1000 m (1 km2) resolution can be used for examinations with larger scales, for example the comparison of the water balance of forests with different land cover types (agricultural areas, artificial surfaces, etc.). However, the 1 km2 spatial resolution is too coarse to be used for smaller scales like precision forest management or agroforestry systems. Therefore, a vegetation index-based (MODIS NDVI) downscaling process of the CREMAP evapotranspiration was developed, to a resolution of 250Ă250 m (6.25 hectares). The downscaling experiment was done for Hungary, for a drier (2003 May-October) and for a wetter (2005 May-October) period. The products were analyzed, according to forest stand types. The vegetation index-based evapotranspiration downscaling process can be used for getting hydrological data for forest resource management, climate change impact studies on smaller scales or agroforestry system research
A klimatikus jellemzĆk hatĂĄsai az ĂștpĂĄlyaszerkezetre: A pĂĄlyaszerkezet hĆmĂ©rsĂ©kletek szĂĄmĂtĂĄsa
A környezeti jellemzĆk (elsĆsorban a hĆmĂ©rsĂ©klet, a csapadĂ©k, a lĂ©gnedvessĂ©g, a fagyĂĄs-olvadĂĄs ciklusok Ă©s a talajvĂz mĂ©lysĂ©ge) jelentĆs hatĂĄst gyakorolnak az Ăștburkolatok ĂĄllapotĂĄra Ă©s Ă©lettartamĂĄra, tehĂĄt a pĂĄlyaszerkezetek mĂ©retezĂ©sĂ©nĂ©l is fontos tĂ©nyezĆkĂ©nt vehetĆk figyelembe. Az aszfaltburkolatĂș pĂĄlyaszerkezetek tartĂłssĂĄgĂĄnak szĂĄmĂtĂĄsĂĄnĂĄl, az egyszerƱen meghatĂĄrozhatĂł Ă©s ĂĄltalĂĄban könnyen elĂ©rhetĆ meteorolĂłgiai paramĂ©terek közĂŒl, a hĆmĂ©rsĂ©klet, ennek ingadozĂĄsa Ă©s a csapadĂ©k figyelembe vehetĆ. BĂĄr a hĆmĂ©rsĂ©klettĆl fĂŒggĆ aszfalt merevsĂ©gi modulust a tĂ©nyleges, reĂĄlisan vĂĄrhatĂł aszfalthĆmĂ©rsĂ©klet alapjĂĄn cĂ©lszerƱ felvenni, ezen mĂ©rĂ©sek csak korlĂĄtozott szĂĄmban ĂĄllnak rendelkezĂ©sre. Ellenben a lĂ©ghĆmĂ©rsĂ©klet mĂ©rĂ©sekkel, melyek igen jĂłl lefedik az orszĂĄgot, Ă©s felhasznĂĄlhatĂłak az aszfalthĆmĂ©rsĂ©kletek - elsĆsorban szezonĂĄlis, havi gyakorisĂĄgĂș - becslĂ©sĂ©re. Jelen cikk a lĂ©ghĆmĂ©rsĂ©kletnek, az aszfalthĆmĂ©rsĂ©kletekkel valĂł összefĂŒggĂ©sĂ©t, Ă©s a levonhatĂł következtetĂ©seket dolgozza fel
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