Effect of Infrastructure on Economic Growth in South Sumatera Province

The aim of this paper is to study the effect of water supply infrastructure and electricity infrastructure which are considered as public utilities and road infrastructure which is considered as public works on economic growth in South Sumatera. I further extend the analysis to include the impact of infrastructure on three key sectors: agriculture sector, manufacturing sector and trade sector. In this paper, I use time series data from year 2001 to 2013. I measure economic growth as per capita GRDP. The approach is based on the growth model of Barro (1990). Infrastructure capital is an input into aggregate production. Using physical infrastructure as independent variables and employing Cobb-Douglas production function in the framework of Barro\u27s growth model, the result provides clear evidence that electricity infrastructure and water supply infrastructure are significant and both positively affect per capita output in the province. This is also true in the agriculture sector, manufacturing sector and the trade sector. On the other hand, road infrastructure doesn\u27t not show any significant impact. Overall, the results are consistent with the widely-accepted idea in policy research that infrastructure plays an important role in promoting growth, as well as with the viewpoint that certain conditions of the local economy may hinder the growth-related impacts of existing infrastructure

Magnetic & Spectral Properties of Oxovanadium(IV) Complexes withTridentate Dibasic ONO Donor Schiff Bases Derived from Isopropanolamine & Substituted Salicylaldehydes

431-43

Awareness of carcinoma cervix in nursing personnel of a tertiary care institute, Mumbai, India

Background: Carcinoma cervix is the second most common cancer of women all over the world and commonest cancer among Indian women. Awareness about cervical cancer and its prevention low amongst Indian women. The Pap test is a simple cost-effective technique for screening to help early diagnosis of cervical cancer. Nursing staff should be made aware of cervical cancer, so that they can spread the knowledge to the general public. Objectives of present study were to assess the knowledge level regarding symptoms, risk factors, prevention and screening of cervical carcinoma among nursing staff and to find out the behaviour of respondents regarding prevention and screening of cervical carcinomaMethods: A cross-sectional interview-based survey regarding knowledge of cervical carcinoma was conducted among the nursing staff of a tertiary care institutes of Mumbai.A structured questionnaire with multiple choices was used as a tool for data collection. Provision for open-ended responses was also made in the questionnaire. 100 nurses participated in the current study. Data was entered in Microsoft Excel. SPSS statistical software was used to generate statistical parameters like proportion, mean, standard deviation, etc. The test of significance used was the Z test and a P value of <0.05 was considered as the level of significance.Results: We lack an organized opportunistic screening program for cervical cancer in India. Data indicates a slow, but steady, decline in the incidence of cervical cancer. However, the rates are still too high, particularly in the rural areas. It is extremely essential to screen eligible women when they come to health units for other services. Studies have shown it is possible to train nurses to screen for cervical cancer. Attitudes that screening is to be done by doctors or gynaecologists only needs to change. The survey revealed that the hospital played a limited role as a source of information on Pap smear. This calls for a re-orientation of nurses, paramedicals and health workers and a need for introduction of simpler cervical cancer screening methods such as visual inspections that are more sustainableConclusions: Awareness about cervical cancer has to be improved. Education of the nursing personel will strongly contribute to strengthen cervical cancer screening programs. Nursing staff can and should educate the masses to help increase health awareness in women

Chemical potential of oxygen for iron-rutile-ilmenite and iron-ilmenite-ulvospinel equilibria

The chemical potential of oxygen corresponding to the iron-rutile-ilmenite (IRI) and iron-ilmenite-ulvospinel (IIU) equilibria has been measured employing solid-state galvanic cells, Pt, Fe + TiO2 + FeTiO3//Fe+FeO, Pt and Pt, Fe + FeTiO3 + Fe2TiO4//(Y2O3) ZrO2//Fe+FeO, Pt in the temperature range of 875 to 1275 K and 900 to 1373 K, respectively. The cells are written such that the right-hand electrodes are positive. The electromotive force (emf) of both the cells was found to be reversible and to vary linearly with temperature over the entire range of measurement. The chemical potential of oxygen for IRI equilibrium is represented by &#916;&#956;O2(IRI) = -550,724 - 29.445T + 20.374T InT(&#177;210) J mol-1 (875 &#8804;T&#8804; 1184 K) = -620,260 + 369.593T - 27.716T lnT(&#177;210) J mol-1 (1184&#8804;T&#8804; 1275 K) and that for IIU equilibrium by &#916;&#181; o2(IIU) = -501,800 - 49.035T + 20.374T lnT(&#177;210) J mol-1 (900 &#8804;T&#8804; 1184 K) = -571,336 + 350.003T- 27.716T lnT(=-210) J mol-1 (1184 &#8804;T&#8804; 1373 K) The standard Gibbs energy changes for IRI and IIU equilibria have been deduced from the measured oxygen potentials. Since ilmenite contains small amounts of Ti3+ ions, a correction for the activity of FeTiO3 has been incorporated by assuming ideal mixing on each cation sublattice in the FeTiO3-Ti2O3 system. Similarly, the ulvospinel contains some Fe3+ ions and a correction for the activity of Fe2TiO4 has been included by modeling the Fe2TiO4-Fe3O4 system. The third-law analysis of the results obtained for IRI equilibrium gives &#916;H 298 0 = -575 (&#177;1.0) kJ mol-1 and for IIU equilibrium yields &#916;H 298 0 = -523.7 (&#177;0.7) kJ mol-1}. The present results suggest that Fe2+ and Ti4+ cations mix almost ideally on the octahedral site of spinel lattice in Fe2TiO4, giving rise to a configurational contribution of 2R In 2 (11.5256 J mol-1 K-1) to the entropy of Fe2TiO4

Thermodynamic stability of K β-alumina

The activity of K2O in a mixture of &#945;-alumina and K&#946;-alumina has been determined using the solid state galvanic cell: Ta, Bi-5 mol pct K // &#945;-alumina + K&#946;-alumina // In + In2O3, Ta in the temperature range 600 to 1000 K. The cell is written such that the right hand electrode is positive. The solid electrolyte consisted of a dispersion of &#945;-alumina (~15 vol pct) in a matrix of K&#946;-alumina. The emf of the cell was found to be reversible and to vary linearly with tem-perature. From the emf and auxiliary data on In2O3 and K2O from the literature, the activity of K2O in the two-phase mixture is obtained as log aK2O = 2.368 -20,850/T(K) (&#177;0.015) The standard free energy of formation of K&#946;-alumina from component oxides is given by K2O (s) + 9.5 &#946;-Al2O3 (s) &#916;K2O&#183;9.5A12O3 (s) &#916;G&#176; = -398,920 + 45.01 T(K) (&#177;1000) J mol-1

Overview of P-glycoprotein inhibitors: a rational outlook

Glicoproteína-p (P-gp), uma glicoproteína de transmembrana permeável, é um membro da superfamília (ABC) de cassete de gene de ligação de ATP que funciona especificamente como um carreador mediado pelo transportador de efluxo ativo primário. É amplamente distribuído por todo o corpo e apresenta uma gama diversificada de substratos. Diversos agentes terapêuticos vitais são substratos para P-gp e sua biodisponibilidade é reduzida ou a resistência é induzida devido ao efluxo de proteínas. Portanto, os inibidores da P-gp foram explorados para a superação da resistência a múltiplas drogas e problemas de biodisponibilidade deficiente dos substratos terapêuticos da P-gp. A sensibilidade das moléculas da droga à P-gp e vice-versa, pode ser estabelecida por vários modelos experimentais in silico, in vitro e in vivo. Desde a descoberta da P-gp, diversas pesquisas identificaram várias estruturas químicas como inibidores da P-gp. O objetivo deste presente estudo foi o de enfatizar a descoberta e desenvolvimento de inibidores mais novos, inertes, atóxicos e mais eficazes, visando especificamente os da P-gp, como aqueles entre os extratos vegetais, excipientes e formulações farmacêuticas, e outras moléculas racionais de droga. As aplicações do conhecimento de biologia celular e molecular, bancos de dados estruturais in silico, estudos de modelagem molecular e análises da relação quantitativa estrutura-atividade (QSAR) no desenvolvimento de novos inibidores racionais da P-gp também foram mencionados.P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a transmembrane permeability glycoprotein, is a member of ATP binding cassette (ABC) super family that functions specifically as a carrier mediated primary active efflux transporter. It is widely distributed throughout the body and has a diverse range of substrates. Several vital therapeutic agents are substrates to P-gp and their bioavailability is lowered or a resistance is induced because of the protein efflux. Hence P-gp inhibitors were explored for overcoming multidrug resistance and poor bioavailability problems of the therapeutic P-gp substrates. The sensitivity of drug moieties to P-gp and vice versa can be established by various experimental models in silico, in vitro and in vivo. Ever since the discovery of P-gp, the research plethora identified several chemical structures as P-gp inhibitors. The aim of this review was to emphasize on the discovery and development of newer, inert, non-toxic, and more efficient, specifically targeting P-gp inhibitors, like those among the natural herb extracts, pharmaceutical excipients and formulations, and other rational drug moieties. The applications of cellular and molecular biology knowledge, in silico designed structural databases, molecular modeling studies and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analyses in the development of novel rational P-gp inhibitors have also been mentioned

Solid-state diffusion reaction and formation of intermetallic compounds in the nickel-zirconium system

Chemical diffusion studies in the nickel-zirconium system are investigated in the temperature range of 1046 to 1213 K employing diffusion couples of pure nickel and pure zirconium. Electron microprobe and X-ray diffraction studies have been employed to investigate the formation of different compounds and to study their layer growth kinetics in the diffusion zone. It is observed that growth of each phase is controlled by the process of volume diffusion as the layer growth obeys the parabolic law. The activation energies for interdiffusion in NiZr and NiZr2, which are the dominant phases in the diffusion zone, are 119.0 &#177;13.4 and 103.0 &#177;25.0 kJ/ mole, respectively. The formation and stability of compounds over the temperature range have been discussed on the basis of existing thermodynamic and kinetic data

Oxygen potentials, Gibbs' energies and phase relations in the Cu-Cr-O system

Thermodynamic properties of ternary compounds, cuprous and cupric chromites (CuCrO2, CuCr204), and oxygen potentials corresponding to three three-phase regions in the Cu-Cr-O system have been measured in the temperature range 900 to 1350 K using a solid state galvanic cell incorporating calcia-stabilized zirconia. Cuprous chromite was found to be nearly stoichiometric. The compositions of non-stoichiometric cupric chromite saturated with CuO and Cr203 have been determined using electron microprobe and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The results of this study resolve discrepancies in Gibbs" energies of cuprous and cupric chromites reported in the literature. A ternary phase diagram for the Cu-Cr-O system at 1150 K and phase relations in air for the Cu20-CuO-Cr203 system as a function of temperature have been derived based on the new thermodynamic data. The phase diagram given in the literature is found to be inaccurate