Tapping into non-English-language science for the conservation of global biodiversity.

The widely held assumption that any important scientific information would be available in English underlies the underuse of non-English-language science across disciplines. However, non-English-language science is expected to bring unique and valuable scientific information, especially in disciplines where the evidence is patchy, and for emergent issues where synthesising available evidence is an urgent challenge. Yet such contribution of non-English-language science to scientific communities and the application of science is rarely quantified. Here, we show that non-English-language studies provide crucial evidence for informing global biodiversity conservation. By screening 419,679 peer-reviewed papers in 16 languages, we identified 1,234 non-English-language studies providing evidence on the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation interventions, compared to 4,412 English-language studies identified with the same criteria. Relevant non-English-language studies are being published at an increasing rate in 6 out of the 12 languages where there were a sufficient number of relevant studies. Incorporating non-English-language studies can expand the geographical coverage (i.e., the number of 2° × 2° grid cells with relevant studies) of English-language evidence by 12% to 25%, especially in biodiverse regions, and taxonomic coverage (i.e., the number of species covered by the relevant studies) by 5% to 32%, although they do tend to be based on less robust study designs. Our results show that synthesising non-English-language studies is key to overcoming the widespread lack of local, context-dependent evidence and facilitating evidence-based conservation globally. We urge wider disciplines to rigorously reassess the untapped potential of non-English-language science in informing decisions to address other global challenges. Please see the Supporting information files for Alternative Language Abstracts

Geoarchaeology and castlescapes: heritage management case studies in Spain and the eastern Baltic

This paper promotes the application of geoarchaeology—joint studies using historical, archaeological and heritage approaches—to the conservation and management practice of castles and landscapes in the context of ‘castlescapes’. Using case studies from recent research on medieval castles in frontier regions of the eastern Baltic and Spain, it demonstrates how geoarchaeology can create synergies between on-site and off-site environments and between cultural and natural heritage and draw valuable information from soils and sediments about the changing form and function of spaces within castles, and about the links between these spaces and activities in their hinterlands. Geoarchaeological approaches can also illuminate the diachronic biographies that hide from visitors in the buried archaeology of castles, which to most visitors would be blank cavasses, but which can provide snap-shots of castle life in the context of a wider landscape. Castles are commonly publicly recognised as being important historical monuments, but from a heritage perspective they are often presented in isolation from their associated historical territories, and often (especially in frontier regions) appropriated within modern politics, which has influenced both heritage management decisions and research frameworks

The effects of tackle height on inertial loading of the head and neck in Rugby Union: A multibody model analysis

Objective: There is evidence of chronic injury to the head-and-neck region of Rugby Union players. The aim of this study was to use multibody simulations to examine the effects of tackle height on both Tackler and Ball Carrier head kinematics and neck dynamics. Research Design: Quantitative Exploratory Study Methods and procedures: 45 front-on shoulder tackles with no direct contact to the head/neck were simulated with the MADYMO pedestrian model and used to assess differences between upper body tackles and lower body tackles. The average resultant head linear and angular accelerations as well as neck forces and moments were assessed. Main outcomes and results: Much higher Ball Carrier head kinematic values and neck loading were predicted for upper body tackles compared to lower body tackles, and principal findings were unaffected by a sensitivity analysis. Tackler results were less straightforward and trends were influenced by the sensitivity analysis for muscle activation. Conclusion: Although further model validation is required, the results of this study indicate the need for further research on tackle heights and inertial head-and-neck loading in the tackle phase of play in Rugby Union

Migration: Acculturation Process, Cultural Identity Development, and Art Therapy Imagery of Adolescent Migrants

The migration process implies a redefinition of one's cultural identity as well as exposure to acculturative stress linked to the process of acculturation. This research project intends to investigate the art of adolescents that have undergone the process of migration. It has for aim to describe cultural identity, migration, and the acculturation process, and it will also discuss the implication of these issues for art therapy. These issues will be related to the imagery made by adolescent migrants during their adaptation process, which will be illustrated through two case vignettes. These will portray how the migration experience may be expressed through art and clinical exchanges. The North American context is a welcoming ground for a variety of migrant individuals and groups; the resulting blending of cultures is in perpetual expansion in this particular society which renders research that tackles issues of culture and relocation invaluable. Current art therapy research has discussed the importance of cultural identity, however, discussion of symbolism and imagery related to cultural identity and the migration and post-migration process is scarce. Research underlining how these issues may be worked through the clinical context and how they are expressed in the art, may prove valuable for art therapists who intend to work with these issues or with a migrant populatio