254 research outputs found

    Domestic cats’ effect on urban wildlife

    Get PDF
    Europe has transformed from areas dominated by agricultural and rural to gradually becoming urban communities. With the development in urban and suburban areas, more non-native species have increased, especially domestic species, about 25% of all Swedish households obtain one or more cats. Domestic cats (Felis catus) have contributed to extinction and endangerment of several species of birds, mammals, and reptiles, and constitute a risk for species that are endangered or threatened worldwide. However, the high density of domestic cats in urban areas indicates higher predation on wildlife compared to rural areas with lower densities of domestic cats. Several earlier studies around the world have found evidence that the domestic cat has a negative effect on wildlife, especially avian species. In Sweden, very few studies have been done in the subject on wildlife and its correlation to housing density and domestic cat visitation frequency. This thesis aims to investigate if there is a correlation between wildlife visitation frequency, domestic cats and housing density, using citizen science and camera traps. The data were collected in UmeĂ„ municipality, northern Sweden and the analysis was tested on five wildlife species and one species groups using a generalised linear mixed model and divided the domestic cat’s visitation frequency into two categories high or low, testing for a nonlinear correlation. I found more Eurasian magpies in locations with a low visitation frequency of domestic cats. In contrast to my expectation, songbirds as a species group showed the opposite pattern, being more common in locations with more cats. The results also show a positive correlation with housing density for both domestic cats and Eurasian magpies. By knowing how the different species explore or avoid areas where the domestic cat has higher visitation frequency can give support when planning to urbanise new areas, and before creating more suburban areas have an insight on the wildlife living there and with the domestic cat is coming to affect wildlife species if domestic cats get a high abundance in that area

    On Mandatory Activation of Welfare Recipients

    Get PDF
    This paper investigates whether mandatory activation programs for welfare recipients have effects on welfare participation, employment and disposable income. In contrast to earlier studies, we are able to capture both entry and exit effects. The empirical analysis makes use of a Swedish welfare reform in which the city districts in Stockholm gradually implemented mandatory activation programs for individuals on welfare. Overall, we find that mandatory activation of welfare recipients reduces overall welfare participation and increases employment. We also find that mandatory activation programs appear to work best for young people and for people born in non-Western countries.welfare reform, mandatory activation programs, welfare participation, employment, difference-in-differences

    On mandatory activation of welfare receivers

    Get PDF
    This paper investigates whether mandatory activation programs for welfare receivers have effects on welfare participation, employment and disposable income. In contrast to earlier studies we are able to capture both entry and exit effects. The empirical analysis makes use of a Swedish welfare reform in which the city districts in Stockholm gradually implemented mandatory activation programs for individuals on welfare. The reform is well suited for investigating effects of such programs for several reasons. First, the reform was not combined with any other policy instruments, like time limits or tax credits, making sure that we will capture effects of mandatory activation policies and nothing else. Second, the reform was initiated at different points of time in different city districts, which ease identification. Third, using data from city districts within a single local labor market we can control for confounding macro economic shocks. Overall, we find that mandatory activation of welfare receivers reduce overall welfare participation and increases employment. We also find that mandatory activation programs appear to work best for young people and for people born in non-Western countries. For disposable income, we do not find a statistically significant effect.Welfare reform; mandatory activation programs; welfare participation; employment; difference-in-differences

    Vem kan man lita pÄ? RÀttens granskning av sakkunnigbevisning

    Get PDF
    Det kan antas vara svĂ„rt för en domare att granska sakkunnigbevisning utan att sjĂ€lv besitta samma kunskap som den sakkunnige. Syftet med denna uppsats Ă€r att ta reda pĂ„ hur rĂ€tten gĂ„r tillvĂ€ga för att granska sakkunnigbevisning och att undersöka hur denna granskning eventuellt skulle kunna förbĂ€ttras. SĂ€rskilt fokus riktas mot situationer dĂ„ fler sakkunniga presenterar motstridiga uppgifter i samma frĂ„ga. Genom att studera doktrin och rĂ€ttspraxis kunde jag konstatera att rĂ€tten vid granskningen av sakkunnigbevisning beaktar vissa faktorer vars existens antas pĂ„verka ett sakkunnigutlĂ„tandes bevisvĂ€rde. Den sakkunniges kompetens och underlag för bedömningen Ă€r vanligt förekommande faktorer, liksom de skĂ€l den sakkunnige Ă„beropar som stöd för sin slutsats. Att beakta sĂ„dana faktorer Ă€r ett lĂ€mpligt tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngssĂ€tt för att granska sakkunnigbevisning, under förutsĂ€ttning att domaren förvissar sig om att den aktuella faktorns existens kan antas medföra en faktisk pĂ„verkan pĂ„ sakkunnigutlĂ„tandets bevisvĂ€rde. Hur rĂ€tten gĂ„r tillvĂ€ga för att granska sakkunnigbevisningen varierar mellan olika domstolar och mĂ„l. En metod Ă€r att vĂ€rdera sakkunnigbevisningen för sig och jĂ€mföra sakkunnigutlĂ„tandena med varandra, en annan att tillĂ€mpa en bevisbörderegel och ett beviskrav. Vidare kan rĂ€tten antingen utgĂ„ ifrĂ„n ett sakkunnigutlĂ„tande i sin helhet eller anvĂ€nda uppgifterna i ett sakkunnigutlĂ„tande för att bilda sig en egen uppfattning. Min analys visar att det finns problem med samtliga tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngssĂ€tt. I syfte att bredda underlaget till den normativa analysen och skapa inspiration till förbĂ€ttringsĂ„tgĂ€rder undersökte och analyserade jag Ă€ven andra potentiella tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngssĂ€tt för granskning av sakkunnigbevisning. Undersökningen visar att det finns ett brett spektrum av metoder som tillĂ€mpas i andra rĂ€ttssystem eller har utformats i doktrinen. Bland annat kan rĂ€tten utföra en förhandsgranskning av sakkunnigbevisningen, utse en för parterna gemensam sakkunnig eller stĂ€lla kritiska frĂ„gor till de sakkunniga. UtifrĂ„n detta material har jag slutligen analyserat hur granskningen av sakkunnigbevisning skulle kunna förbĂ€ttras. Mitt förslag Ă€r att alla sakkunniga i ett mĂ„l ska förhöras samtidigt och att förhöret inledningsvis ska ledas av rĂ€tten. I vĂ€rderingen ska varje sakkunnigutlĂ„tande granskas för sig. Granskningen syftar till att upptĂ€cka sĂ€rskilda brister vars existens kan antas medföra en faktisk pĂ„verkan pĂ„ utlĂ„tandets bevisvĂ€rde. Slutligen bör rĂ€tten göra en helhetsbedömning av sakkunnigbevisning tillsammans med övrig bevisning och dĂ€rvid beakta och bedöma de sakkunnigas observationer, argument och slutsatser. Skulle det inte vara möjligt att dra nĂ„gon slutsats om huruvida bevistemat föreligger kan en bevisbörderegel tillĂ€mpas för att avgöra frĂ„gan, dock först efter att en noggrann vĂ€rdering har företagits.It can be assumed that it is a difficult task for a judge to evaluate expert evidence, while not possessing the required specialist knowledge. The purpose with this thesis is to examine how the court evaluates expert evidence and how that evaluation could be improved, particularly in situations where several experts present contradictory positions on the same issue. By researching legal literature and case-law I observed that the court when evaluating expert evidence considers different circumstances which are assumed to have an impact on the merit of an expert testimony. The expert’s credentials and the material underlying the expert’s assessment are circumstances that the court uses frequently. Another common consideration is the reasons that the expert submits as evidence for the conclusion. To consider such circumstances is an appropriate way of evaluating expert evidence, if the court ascertain that the current circumstance has an actual impact on the merits of the expert testimony. The method used to evaluate expert evidence seems to diverge among different courts and cases. One method is to evaluate the expert evidence separately and thereby compare the expert testimonials, another way is to apply the burden and standard of proof. Furthermore, the court can either defer to the expert testimony as a whole, or use the information in the testimony to create its own opinion. My analysis shows that there are problems inherent in all these methods. With the purpose of expanding the material used in the normative analysis and to get inspiration for the measures of improvement, I examined and analyzed other potential ways of evaluating expert evidence. The examination shows that there is a wide spectra of methods, practiced in other legal systems or developed in literature. For example, the court can practice an admissibility test, assign a single joint expert or ask critical questions. From this material I have ultimately analyzed in which way the evaluation of expert evidence could be improved. My proposal is that all the experts in a case shall be heard at the same time and that the hearing initially shall be held by the court. It is important that each expert testimony is evaluated separately. The purpose with the evaluation is to detect insufficiencies which can be assumed to have an actual impact on the merits of the expert testimony. Ultimately, the court should evaluate the evidence presented in the case in full, including expert testimonials as well as other evidence. The judge should thereby consider and evaluate the experts’ arguments and conclusions. If it is not possible to determine the issue in question, the burden of proof can be applied. However, it is important that the burden of proof is only applied following an appropriate evaluation

    Artikel 234 - verktyg eller broms för integration mellan medlemsstaterna och gemenskapen?

    Get PDF
    Uppsatsen behandlar balansen mellan EG-rĂ€tt och nationell processrĂ€tt. Genom att göra en grundlig utredning av artikel 234 samt att utreda vilka grunder som fanns för det motiverade yttrande kommissionen riktade mot Sverige i anledning av svenska domstolars hantering av artikel 234 vill jag visa pĂ„ den beroendestĂ€llning som finns mellan nationella domstolar och EG-domstolen. Uppsatsen belyser ocksĂ„ de svĂ„righeter ett system, som bygger pĂ„ förtroende och i stort sett saknar sanktioner, utsĂ€tts för nĂ€r det utmanas av nĂ„gon sida. De frĂ„gor som behandlas i uppsatsen Ă€r: Var den kritik som riktades mot Sverige avseende tillĂ€mpningen av artikel 234 befogad? Vilken betydelse hade den lagĂ€ndring, som genomfördes efter kritiken, för kommissionens beslut att avsluta Ă€rendet? Har de lagstiftningsĂ„tgĂ€rder som genomfördes i samband med kritiken nĂ„gon effekt pĂ„ den faktiska tillĂ€mpningen av artikel 234 i svenska domstolar? Finns det sanktioner mot en medlemsstat om ett brott mot artikel 234 kan konstateras? Vilken betydelse har artikel 234 för det fortsatta samarbetet mellan EG-domstolen och de nationella domstolarna? EG-rĂ€tten Ă€r sedan Sveriges intrĂ€de i Europeiska unionen en del av den svenska rĂ€ttsordningen. För att det EG-rĂ€ttsliga systemet skall fungera förutsĂ€tts ett fungerande samarbete mellan EG-domstolen och de nationella domstolarna. EG-domstolen skall tolka EG-rĂ€tten och de nationella domstolarna skall i sin tur tillĂ€mpa reglerna pĂ„ de aktuella fallen. Syftet med denna arbetsfördelning Ă€r att EG-rĂ€tten skall tillĂ€mpas pĂ„ ett enhetligt sĂ€tt i samtliga medlemsstater. För att arbetsfördelningen skall fungera finns artikel 234, som ger alla nationella domstolar möjlighet att begĂ€ra ett förhandsavgörande frĂ„n EG-domstolen för att avgöra hur EG-rĂ€tten skall tolkas. Om den nationella domstol dĂ€r EG-rĂ€tt aktualiseras Ă€r en domstol mot vars avgörande det inte finns nĂ„got rĂ€ttsmedel, innebĂ€r artikel 234 en skyldighet att begĂ€ra förhandsavgörande Sverige har kritiserats av kommissionen pĂ„ grund av att de svenska reglerna om prövningstillstĂ„nd och avsaknaden av motiveringsskyldighet i de fall prövningstillstĂ„nd inte beviljas ansĂ„gs stĂ„ i strid med EG-rĂ€tten. För att vara sĂ€ker pĂ„ att skyldigheten att begĂ€ra förhandsavgörande uppfylls mĂ„ste det vara möjligt att fĂ„ frĂ„gan prövad i sista instans. Kritiken som riktades mot Sverige ledde till en översyn av de svenska reglerna om prövningstillstĂ„nd och en lagĂ€ndring i form av lag (2006:502) med vissa bestĂ€mmelser om förhandsavgörande frĂ„n EG-domstolen. Uppsatsen fokuserar pĂ„ att lyfta fram lagĂ€ndringen, som genomfördes i svensk rĂ€tt till följd av kritiken som riktades mot Sverige, samt svĂ„righeterna med att tillĂ€mpa sanktioner vid ett fördragsbrott i anledning av artikel 234. Eftersom artikel 234 saknar direkt effekt och inte har ansetts tilldela enskilda rĂ€ttigheter passar artikeln dĂ„ligt in i det system som EG-domstolen byggt upp till skydd för enskildas rĂ€ttigheter. Utformningen av artikel 234 passar dock bra in i systemet pĂ„ sĂ„ sĂ€tt att gemenskapsrĂ€tten Ă€r tĂ€nkt att vara ett samarbete. I detta samarbete fungerar artikel 234 dels som ett verktyg för att ge EG-rĂ€tten genomslag och dels som en broms för hur stor möjlighet gemenskapen har att pĂ„verka nationella domstolar. De nationella sistainstanserna har fortfarande en stark stĂ€llning och EG-domstolen framstĂ„r som relativt obenĂ€gen att ingripa i deras ageranden, Ă„tminstone nĂ€r det gĂ€ller skyldigheten att begĂ€ra förhandsavgörande. SvĂ„righeterna att sanktionera ett fördragsbrott för övertrĂ€delse av artikel 234 – bĂ„de pĂ„ grund av regelns utformning och risken att rubba förtroendet i samarbetet mellan nationella domstolar och EG-domstolen – gör att balansen pĂ„ detta omrĂ„de Ă€r ganska god

    Brinner skogen för Àlgen?

    Get PDF
    Syftet med arbetet var att skapa underlag och fĂ„ kunskap om hur Ă€lgarna utnyttjar brandfĂ€lt som val av habitat. Detta arbete behandlar 6 olika Ă€lgar i VĂ€sterbottens lĂ€n. Data hanterades med statistiska analysprogrammet R dĂ€r metoderna BBMM och Manly Habitat Selection Index tillĂ€mpades tillsammans med svenska marktĂ€ckekartan. Även Excel och ArcMap anvĂ€ndes vid analys och hantering av data. Resultaten visade att den omkringliggande livsmiljön hade en pĂ„verkan pĂ„ hur Ă€lgarna rör sig runt brandfĂ€lt. Dock verkade det inte som att de hade en mĂ„lmedveten fĂ€rdriktning mot brandfĂ€lt dĂ„ de anvĂ€nde brandfĂ€lt nĂ€r de fanns tillgĂ€ngliga. Tiden som Ă€lgarna spenderade pĂ„ brandfĂ€lt varierade mycket, men genomsnittligt tillbringade de en dag pĂ„ brandfĂ€lt. Tiden det tog för Ă€lgarna att besöka brandfĂ€lt efter att de uppkommit varierade frĂ„n samma Ă„r upp till 15 Ă„r efter. Genom kunskapen om hur Ă€lgar rör sig kring brandfĂ€lt skulle skogsbruket kunna anpassa sin anvĂ€ndning av brandfĂ€lt för att minska betesskador.The aim of this study was to examine and acquire knowledge of how moose use burned areas as their choice of habitat. This study manage data from 6 different moose’s in the county of VĂ€sterbotten. The data was managed through the statistical analysis program The R-project were the methods BBMM and Manly Habitat Selection Index were used together with a the Swedish land cover map. Excel and ArcMap were also used for analysis and management of data. The analysis showed that the surrounding habitat influenced the moose’s movement pattern. Though they did not seem to have a determined direction of travel towards the burned areas, burned areas were only used when they were available. The time spent on burned areas varied substantially, with an average time of one day. The burned areas were visited by the moose between the same year and 15 years after the fire had occur. Through this knowledge of how the moose behave around burned areas could be used by the forestry to adapt their use of burned areas in order to minimize feeding damages

    En fallstudie av exploateringsprocessen - gÄr den att effektivisera?

    Get PDF
    The land development process is usually known as a very complex and drawn-out process. During the latest decade, the system of municipal development has become more market-oriented and the responsibility has shifted from public to private sector. The property developer takes a great financial risk each time a new project is initiated by not knowing when or if a detailed development plan will be approved. In spite of many inquiries during the years, the commissions are still discussing the possibilities to simplify the system and make the land development process more efficient. In a process, where many parties are involved, it may be difficult to find a way to satisfy all needs without the democracy and the influence of the citizens being negatively affected. In this report a case study has been made to identify the time-consuming parts of the land development process. Three local development projects in Kristianstad Kommun have been examined and resulted in several possible solutions to make the development process more efficient

    Effect of specific exercise strategy on need for surgery in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome: randomised controlled study

    Get PDF
    Objective To evaluate if a specific exercise strategy, targeting the rotator cuff and scapula stabilisers, improves shoulder function and pain more than unspecific exercises in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome, thereby decreasing the need for arthroscopic subacromial decompression

    Big Data - Bigger Responsibility?

    Get PDF
    Purpose: To investigate whether there is a correlation between consumers’ knowledge about the phenomenon of Big Data and their attitude towards it, and also if the attitude is reflected in their behaviour. Furthermore, the purpose is to find out how different companies usage of Big Data affects consumers’ attitude towards those brands, in a situation where they know what Big Data means. Methodology: We conducted a qualitative focus group and a quantitative survey. We used an interpretation perspective when studying the focus group and an analytical perspective for the quantitative survey, to be able to investigate the correlations and analyze the experiment. For this reason we have an abductive methodology where the text alternates between theory and empirical data, influenced by each other. Theoretical perspective: Consumer Behaviour, Ethical dilemmas, Corporate Identity, Brand attitude, the Stakeholder Model, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Panopticon. Empirical foundation: Based on a focus group with five participants who all have an interest in Internet-related subjects, but with varying levels of knowledge concerning such subjects. It is also based on a survey with 297 respondents that where not chosen from any particular group of individuals, since it was solely a test of correlations. Conclusion: Individuals with a high level of knowledge about Big Data have a more positive attitude towards it. People with the opposite, a low level of knowledge, show a more negative attitude towards Big Data. Regardless of the level of knowledge or attitude, everyone tends to recognize that there are privacy risks. When a consumer knows what Big Data means they also tend to be negative towards companies that use Big Data. The level of negative affection in consumers’ attitude towards brands that use Big Data varies between companies, which could depend on the different industry they operate in. Companies must start informing consumers about how they work to protect the privacy, otherwise they risk an increase in negative attitude towards the brand

    Deletions of IKZF1 and SPRED1 are associated with poor prognosis in a population-based series of pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed between 1992 and 2011.

    Get PDF
    Despite the favorable prognosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a substantial subset of patients relapses. Since this occurs not only in the high risk but also in the standard/intermediate groups, the presently used risk stratification is suboptimal. The underlying mechanisms for treatment failure include presence of genetic changes causing insensitivity to the therapy administered. To identify relapse-associated aberrations we performed single nucleotide polymorphism array analyses of 307 uniformly treated, consecutive pediatric ALL cases accrued 1992-2011. Recurrent aberrations of 14 genes in patients who subsequently relapsed or had induction failure were detected. Of these, deletions/uniparental isodisomies of ADD3, ATP10A, EBF1, IKZF1, PAN3, RAG1, SPRED1, and TBL1XR1 were significantly more common in B-cell precursor ALL patients who relapsed compared with those remaining in complete remission. In univariate analyses, age (10 years), WBC counts (>100 × 109/l), t(9;22)(q34;q11), MLL rearrangements, near-haploidy, and deletions of ATP10A, IKZF1, SPRED1, and the pseudoautosomal 1 regions on Xp/Yp were significantly associated with decreased 10-year event-free survival, with IKZF1 abnormalities being an independent risk factor in multivariate analysis irrespective of risk group. High age and deletions of IKZF1 and SPRED1 were also associated with poor overall survival. Thus, analyses of these genes provide clinically important information.Leukemia accepted article preview online, 4 July 2013; doi:10.1038/leu.2013.206
    • 

    corecore