705 research outputs found
R&D Cooperation and R&D Intensity: Theory and MicroâEconometric Evidence for German Manufacturing Industries
This paper develops a three stage oligopoly game for R&D cooperation, R&D expenditure and product market competition. In the first stage, firms decide whether or not to conduct R&D in cooperation with other firms. In the second stage the level of R&D investment is determined. Finally, firms compete in a Cournotâoligopoly product market. While earlier models on R&D cooperation only considered process innovation, the model presented here also takes product innovation into account. It is shown that the optimal R&D investment has virtually the same structure for both process and product innovation. The main hypothesis of our theoretical model are tested in the empirical part of this paper
Mermin-Wagner fluctuations in 2D amorphous solids
In a recent comment, M. Kosterlitz described how the discrepancy about the
lack of broken translational symmetry in two dimensions - doubting the
existence of 2D crystals - and the first computer simulations foretelling 2D
crystals at least in tiny systems, motivated him and D. Thouless to investigate
melting and suprafluidity in two dimensions [Jour. of Phys. Cond. Matt.
\textbf{28}, 481001 (2016)]. The lack of broken symmetries proposed by D.
Mermin and H. Wagner is caused by long wavelength density fluctuations. Those
fluctuations do not only have structural impact but additionally a dynamical
one: They cause the Lindemann criterion to fail in 2D and the mean squared
displacement not to be limited. Comparing experimental data from 3D and 2D
amorphous solids with 2D crystals we disentangle Mermin-Wagner fluctuations
from glassy structural relaxations. Furthermore we can demonstrate with
computer simulations the logarithmic increase of displacements predicted by
Mermin and Wagner: periodicity is not a requirement for Mermin-Wagner
fluctuations which conserve the homogeneity of space on long scales.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure
Anaphoricity in emoji: An experimental investigation of face and non-face emoji
Emoji are widely used, but have received relatively little attention in psycholinguistic research. Upon encountering a message consisting of both text and emoji, readers presumably construct some link between emoji and text. Based on a psycholinguistic study on text-emoji relations, we argue for (at least) two types of emoji-text dependencies, related to referential dependencies known to exist in the linguistic domain, namely (i) the dependency between an expressive (e.g. wow, damn, f*king) and the individual whose opinion it expresses, and (ii) the dependency between a pronoun (or other pro-form) and its antecedent. We extend the discussion of these dependencies to emoji, and provide experimental data that face emoji resemble expressives in that they tend to be interpreted as expressing the opinion of a salient experiencer, while action emoji are interpreted based on principles of discourse coherence (e.g. discourse relations like explanation), similar to what coherence-based accounts of pronoun resolution predict
TIFF-Korpus-Analyse
TIFF ist ein flexibles, anpassungsfĂ€higes Dateiformat, das ĂŒber die Jahre eine Vielzahl von Erweiterungen und ErgĂ€nzungen erfahren hat. Daneben bietet es die Möglichkeit, Metadaten in andern Standards (wie IPTC, EXIF oder ICC) einzubetten. Durch diese FlexibilitĂ€t und AusprĂ€gungen ist TIFF eigentlich als ein komplexes Dateiformat zu betrachten. TIFF ist zurzeit eine offene Spezifikation von Adobe, jedoch kein ISO-Standard. Diese UmstĂ€nde, die aus archivischer Sicht nicht unbedenklich sind, haben die KOST 2014 bewogen, basierend auf der Baseline-TIFF-Spezifikation eine Empfehlung zu verfassen. Damit eine solche Empfehlung nicht nur auf theoretischen Ăberlegungen beruht, sondern sich auf eine fundierte Analyse echter archivischer Daten stĂŒtzen kann, haben es die KOST und das DHLab Basel unternommen, mehrere Millionen Dateien aus drei Archiven systematisch zu untersuchen. Parallel dazu wurden an diesem Korpus auch etliche bekannte und in der Archivwelt verbreitete Analysetools getestet
Influence of Specific Energy Inhomogeneity on the CO2 Splitting Performance in a High-Power Plasma Jet
Plasma-based CO2 conversion is a promising pathway towards greenhouse gas
recycling. In the corresponding research field, various types of plasma
reactors are applied for carbon dioxide dissociation. So far, spatial
inhomogeneities of the specific energy (SEI) distribution in plasma generators,
e.g., induced by non-uniform heating or an inhomogeneous mass distribution, are
not the focus of the investigations. In this work, the spatial inhomogeneity of
mass-specific enthalpy in the plasma jet of the inductive plasma generator IPG4
at the Institute of Space Systems (IRS) is examined. For this, the mean
mass-specific enthalpy as well as the radial distribution of the local enthalpy
are measured using plasma probes. Moreover, the influence of the determined
specific enthalpy inhomogeneity on the CO2 splitting performance is quantified.
It is shown that an inhomogeneous radial distribution of the specific energy
can significantly lower the carbon dioxide conversion, compared to a
homogeneous case. With regards to IPG4, the performance reduction is 16 %.Comment: 30 pages, 12 figure
S-cone signals invisible to the motion system can improve motion extraction via grouping by color
Peer reviewedPublisher PD
A blue light receptor that mediates RNA binding and translational regulation
Sensory photoreceptor proteins underpin light-dependent adaptations in nature and enable the optogenetic control of organismal behavior and physiology. We identified the bacterial light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) photoreceptor PAL that sequence-specifically binds short RNA stem loops with around 20ânM affinity in blue light and weaker than 1â”M in darkness. A crystal structure rationalizes the unusual receptor architecture of PAL with C-terminal LOV photosensor and N-terminal effector units. The light-activated PALâRNA interaction can be harnessed to regulate gene expression at the RNA level as a function of light in both bacteria and mammalian cells. The present results elucidate a new signal-transduction paradigm in LOV receptors and conjoin RNA biology with optogenetic regulation, thereby paving the way toward hitherto inaccessible optoribogenetic modalities
Eine FAIRe Anwendungssoftware fĂŒr textbasierte Forschungsdaten: Das UV2 Annotationstool
Der Beitrag stellt die FAIR-Prinzipien fĂŒr Forschungssoftware nach Chue Hong et al. (2021) vor und diskutiert ihre Umsetzung am Beispiel des UV2-Annotationstools. Hierbei werden die umgesetzten Entwicklungsstrategien des Continuous Integration / Continuous Delivery und des test-driven development, die komponentenbasierte Architektur und die thematische Strukturierung des Quellcodes sowie die Art des ausfĂŒhrbaren Artefakts (Docker Container) vorgestellt und bezĂŒglich der FAIR-Prinzipien bewertet.The article introduces the FAIR principles for research software, as proposed in Chue Hong et al. (2021), and discusses their realisation by means of the UV2 annotation tool. We examine the following aspects of the toolâs implementation: the component-based architecture, the structuring of the source code, the type of the executable artefact (docker container), and the way the development strategies Continuous Integration / Continuous Delivery and test-driven development are realized
Much Ado About Nothing? On the Categorial Status of et and ne in Medieval French
In this article, we reconsider the syntactical analysis as well as the categorial status of two Medieval French elements, et and ne. In this connection, we illustrate and compare various approaches which principally differ with regard to the assignment of a unique category or of various categories to these elements. In the context of this comparison, we address some of the questions pertaining to their motivations and the evidence which has been offered in their favor, showing that approaches which assign a unique category to et and ne, respectively, prove to be empirically more adequate.Beaucoup de bruit pour rien ? A propos du statut catĂ©goriel de et ainsi que de ne en français mĂ©diĂ©val Dans cet article nous proposons une rĂ©flexion sur lâanalyse syntaxique et le statut de deux Ă©lĂ©ments du français mĂ©diĂ©val : et et ne. A cette fin, nous envisageons et illustrons diffĂ©rentes approches qui se distinguent principalement en ce qui concerne lâattribution dâun statut catĂ©goriel unique ou multiple Ă ces Ă©lĂ©ments. En comparant ces approches, nous abordons les questions qui prĂ©sident Ă leurs motivations et nous dĂ©battons les arguments proposĂ©s en leur faveur, Ă la lumiĂšre des faits observĂ©s. Il sâensuit que lâapproche qui attribue un statut catĂ©goriel cohĂ©rent Ă chacun des deux Ă©lĂ©ments en question sâavĂšre la plus pertinente
Much Ado About Nothing? On the Categorial Status of et and ne in Medieval French
In this article, we reconsider the syntactical analysis as well as the categorial status of two Medieval French elements, et and ne. In this connection, we illustrate and compare various approaches which principally differ with regard to the assignment of a unique category or of various categories to these elements. In the context of this comparison, we address some of the questions pertaining to their motivations and the evidence which has been offered in their favor, showing that approaches which assign a unique category to et and ne, respectively, prove to be empirically more adequate.Beaucoup de bruit pour rien ? A propos du statut catĂ©goriel de et ainsi que de ne en français mĂ©diĂ©val Dans cet article nous proposons une rĂ©flexion sur lâanalyse syntaxique et le statut de deux Ă©lĂ©ments du français mĂ©diĂ©val : et et ne. A cette fin, nous envisageons et illustrons diffĂ©rentes approches qui se distinguent principalement en ce qui concerne lâattribution dâun statut catĂ©goriel unique ou multiple Ă ces Ă©lĂ©ments. En comparant ces approches, nous abordons les questions qui prĂ©sident Ă leurs motivations et nous dĂ©battons les arguments proposĂ©s en leur faveur, Ă la lumiĂšre des faits observĂ©s. Il sâensuit que lâapproche qui attribue un statut catĂ©goriel cohĂ©rent Ă chacun des deux Ă©lĂ©ments en question sâavĂšre la plus pertinente
- âŠ