R&D Cooperation and R&D Intensity: Theory and Micro–Econometric Evidence for German Manufacturing Industries

This paper develops a three stage oligopoly game for R&D cooperation, R&D expenditure and product market competition. In the first stage, firms decide whether or not to conduct R&D in cooperation with other firms. In the second stage the level of R&D investment is determined. Finally, firms compete in a Cournot–oligopoly product market. While earlier models on R&D cooperation only considered process innovation, the model presented here also takes product innovation into account. It is shown that the optimal R&D investment has virtually the same structure for both process and product innovation. The main hypothesis of our theoretical model are tested in the empirical part of this paper

Mermin-Wagner fluctuations in 2D amorphous solids

In a recent comment, M. Kosterlitz described how the discrepancy about the lack of broken translational symmetry in two dimensions - doubting the existence of 2D crystals - and the first computer simulations foretelling 2D crystals at least in tiny systems, motivated him and D. Thouless to investigate melting and suprafluidity in two dimensions [Jour. of Phys. Cond. Matt. \textbf{28}, 481001 (2016)]. The lack of broken symmetries proposed by D. Mermin and H. Wagner is caused by long wavelength density fluctuations. Those fluctuations do not only have structural impact but additionally a dynamical one: They cause the Lindemann criterion to fail in 2D and the mean squared displacement not to be limited. Comparing experimental data from 3D and 2D amorphous solids with 2D crystals we disentangle Mermin-Wagner fluctuations from glassy structural relaxations. Furthermore we can demonstrate with computer simulations the logarithmic increase of displacements predicted by Mermin and Wagner: periodicity is not a requirement for Mermin-Wagner fluctuations which conserve the homogeneity of space on long scales.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure

Anaphoricity in emoji: An experimental investigation of face and non-face emoji

Emoji are widely used, but have received relatively little attention in psycholinguistic research. Upon encountering a message consisting of both text and emoji, readers presumably construct some link between emoji and text. Based on a psycholinguistic study on text-emoji relations, we argue for (at least) two types of emoji-text dependencies, related to referential dependencies known to exist in the linguistic domain, namely (i) the dependency between an expressive (e.g. wow, damn, f*king) and the individual whose opinion it expresses, and (ii) the dependency between a pronoun (or other pro-form) and its antecedent. We extend the discussion of these dependencies to emoji, and provide experimental data that face emoji resemble expressives in that they tend to be interpreted as expressing the opinion of a salient experiencer, while action emoji are interpreted based on principles of discourse coherence (e.g. discourse relations like explanation), similar to what coherence-based accounts of pronoun resolution predict

TIFF-Korpus-Analyse

TIFF ist ein flexibles, anpassungsfähiges Dateiformat, das über die Jahre eine Vielzahl von Erweiterungen und Ergänzungen erfahren hat. Daneben bietet es die Möglichkeit, Metadaten in andern Standards (wie IPTC, EXIF oder ICC) einzubetten. Durch diese Flexibilität und Ausprägungen ist TIFF eigentlich als ein komplexes Dateiformat zu betrachten. TIFF ist zurzeit eine offene Spezifikation von Adobe, jedoch kein ISO-Standard. Diese Umstände, die aus archivischer Sicht nicht unbedenklich sind, haben die KOST 2014 bewogen, basierend auf der Baseline-TIFF-Spezifikation eine Empfehlung zu verfassen. Damit eine solche Empfehlung nicht nur auf theoretischen Überlegungen beruht, sondern sich auf eine fundierte Analyse echter archivischer Daten stützen kann, haben es die KOST und das DHLab Basel unternommen, mehrere Millionen Dateien aus drei Archiven systematisch zu untersuchen. Parallel dazu wurden an diesem Korpus auch etliche bekannte und in der Archivwelt verbreitete Analysetools getestet

Influence of Specific Energy Inhomogeneity on the CO2 Splitting Performance in a High-Power Plasma Jet

Plasma-based CO2 conversion is a promising pathway towards greenhouse gas recycling. In the corresponding research field, various types of plasma reactors are applied for carbon dioxide dissociation. So far, spatial inhomogeneities of the specific energy (SEI) distribution in plasma generators, e.g., induced by non-uniform heating or an inhomogeneous mass distribution, are not the focus of the investigations. In this work, the spatial inhomogeneity of mass-specific enthalpy in the plasma jet of the inductive plasma generator IPG4 at the Institute of Space Systems (IRS) is examined. For this, the mean mass-specific enthalpy as well as the radial distribution of the local enthalpy are measured using plasma probes. Moreover, the influence of the determined specific enthalpy inhomogeneity on the CO2 splitting performance is quantified. It is shown that an inhomogeneous radial distribution of the specific energy can significantly lower the carbon dioxide conversion, compared to a homogeneous case. With regards to IPG4, the performance reduction is 16 %.Comment: 30 pages, 12 figure

S-cone signals invisible to the motion system can improve motion extraction via grouping by color

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

A blue light receptor that mediates RNA binding and translational regulation

Sensory photoreceptor proteins underpin light-dependent adaptations in nature and enable the optogenetic control of organismal behavior and physiology. We identified the bacterial light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) photoreceptor PAL that sequence-specifically binds short RNA stem loops with around 20 nM affinity in blue light and weaker than 1 µM in darkness. A crystal structure rationalizes the unusual receptor architecture of PAL with C-terminal LOV photosensor and N-terminal effector units. The light-activated PAL–RNA interaction can be harnessed to regulate gene expression at the RNA level as a function of light in both bacteria and mammalian cells. The present results elucidate a new signal-transduction paradigm in LOV receptors and conjoin RNA biology with optogenetic regulation, thereby paving the way toward hitherto inaccessible optoribogenetic modalities

Eine FAIRe Anwendungssoftware für textbasierte Forschungsdaten: Das UV2 Annotationstool

Der Beitrag stellt die FAIR-Prinzipien für Forschungssoftware nach Chue Hong et al. (2021) vor und diskutiert ihre Umsetzung am Beispiel des UV2-Annotationstools. Hierbei werden die umgesetzten Entwicklungsstrategien des Continuous Integration / Continuous Delivery und des test-driven development, die komponentenbasierte Architektur und die thematische Strukturierung des Quellcodes sowie die Art des ausführbaren Artefakts (Docker Container) vorgestellt und bezüglich der FAIR-Prinzipien bewertet.The article introduces the FAIR principles for research software, as proposed in Chue Hong et al. (2021), and discusses their realisation by means of the UV2 annotation tool. We examine the following aspects of the tool’s implementation: the component-based architecture, the structuring of the source code, the type of the executable artefact (docker container), and the way the development strategies Continuous Integration / Continuous Delivery and test-driven development are realized

Much Ado About Nothing? On the Categorial Status of et and ne in Medieval French

In this article, we reconsider the syntactical analysis as well as the categorial status of two Medieval French elements, et and ne. In this connection, we illustrate and compare various approaches which principally differ with regard to the assignment of a unique category or of various categories to these elements. In the context of this comparison, we address some of the questions pertaining to their motivations and the evidence which has been offered in their favor, showing that approaches which assign a unique category to et and ne, respectively, prove to be empirically more adequate.Beaucoup de bruit pour rien ? A propos du statut catégoriel de et ainsi que de ne en français médiéval Dans cet article nous proposons une réflexion sur l’analyse syntaxique et le statut de deux éléments du français médiéval : et et ne. A cette fin, nous envisageons et illustrons différentes approches qui se distinguent principalement en ce qui concerne l’attribution d’un statut catégoriel unique ou multiple à ces éléments. En comparant ces approches, nous abordons les questions qui président à leurs motivations et nous débattons les arguments proposés en leur faveur, à la lumière des faits observés. Il s’ensuit que l’approche qui attribue un statut catégoriel cohérent à chacun des deux éléments en question s’avère la plus pertinente

Much Ado About Nothing? On the Categorial Status of et and ne in Medieval French

In this article, we reconsider the syntactical analysis as well as the categorial status of two Medieval French elements, et and ne. In this connection, we illustrate and compare various approaches which principally differ with regard to the assignment of a unique category or of various categories to these elements. In the context of this comparison, we address some of the questions pertaining to their motivations and the evidence which has been offered in their favor, showing that approaches which assign a unique category to et and ne, respectively, prove to be empirically more adequate.Beaucoup de bruit pour rien ? A propos du statut catégoriel de et ainsi que de ne en français médiéval Dans cet article nous proposons une réflexion sur l’analyse syntaxique et le statut de deux éléments du français médiéval : et et ne. A cette fin, nous envisageons et illustrons différentes approches qui se distinguent principalement en ce qui concerne l’attribution d’un statut catégoriel unique ou multiple à ces éléments. En comparant ces approches, nous abordons les questions qui président à leurs motivations et nous débattons les arguments proposés en leur faveur, à la lumière des faits observés. Il s’ensuit que l’approche qui attribue un statut catégoriel cohérent à chacun des deux éléments en question s’avère la plus pertinente