A real-world pharmacovigilance study of FDA adverse event reporting system events for diazepam

Background: Diazepam, one of the benzodiazepines, is widely used clinically to treat anxiety, for termination of epilepsy, and for sedation. However, the reports of its adverse events (AEs) have been numerous, and even fatal complications have been reported. In this study, we investigated the AEs of diazepam based on real data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) adverse event reporting system (FAERS).Methods: Disproportionality in diazepam-associated AEs was assessed through the calculation of reporting odds ratios (RORs), proportional reporting ratios (PRRs), Bayesian confidence–propagation neural networks (BCPNNs), and gamma-Poisson shrinkage (GPS).Results: Among the 19,514,140 case reports in the FAERS database, 15,546 reports with diazepam as the “principal suspect (PS)" AEs were identified. Diazepam-induced AEs occurred targeting 27 system organ categories (SOCs). Based on four algorithms, a total of 391 major disproportionate preferred terms (PTs) were filtered out. Unexpectedly significant AEs such as congenital nystagmus, developmental delays, and rhabdomyolysis were noted, which were not mentioned in the drug insert.Conclusion: Our study identified potential signals of new AEs that could provide strong support for clinical monitoring and risk identification of diazepam

Figures 35-39 from: Li K, Liang H (2018) A comparative study of external female genitalia (including the 8 th and 9 th abdominal segments) in the family Megalopodidae and other related families of Chrysomeloidea. ZooKeys 762: 69-104. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.762.22163

The external female genitalia of 29 species belonging to three genera of Megalopodidae and 80 species belonging to 61 genera of another four families in Chrysomeloidea were studied. The external female genitalia within the superfamily Chrysomeloidea can be divided into a cerambycid type and a chrysomelid type. The comparative study of external female genitalia shows Megalopodidae is more closely related to the family Cerambycidae than to the family Chrysomelidae s.l. Among five subfamilies of Cerambycidae we studied, the subfamily Lamiinae is most closely allied to Megalopodidae. An evolutionary path is proposed for the spiculum gastrale in Chrysomeloidea: the characteristic state of the spiculum gastrale without a joint is primary, and that with a joint is secondary. The family Orsodacnidae has probably evolved in isolation from the early chrysomelids, due to their shared external female genitalia (cerambycid type). In the family Chrysomelidae, the structure of external female genitalia and ovipositing behavior show that the subfamily Synetinae is closer to the Camptosomata than the subfamily Eumolpinae. In general, the shape of the terminal ovipositor is palp-like in the Chrysomeloidea. Terminal ovipositors are generally palp-shaped in Chrysomeloidea except for those that are lamellate in the genus Callispa and the subfamily Cassidinae who produce egg-sheaths

PREPARATION AND MECHANICAL-ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE OF CARBON FIBRE SENSING CONCRETE

Carbon fibre smart concrete is not only a promising type of structural materials, but also has prospective applications in fields that have special functional requirements. Here, the carbon fibre smart concrete was prepared by the extrusion moulding technique, and the resistivity, pressure-sensitive and temperature-sensitive characteristics were discussed as well as the freezing-thawing properties. The results show that the total porosity of the smart concrete decreases when the carbon fibre was added into a cement matrix, which is 15.72% in the case when carbon fibre content is 1.0 wt.%. The resistivity of the smart concrete decreases quickly with the addition of carbon fibre, which gradually decreases with an increasing temperature and then gradually increases, and the critical transition temperature zone is in the range of 100-130 °C. The compressive and flexural strengths of the smart concrete are the highest when the carbon fibre content is 0.6 wt.%. The rate of change of the resistivity shows an obvious linear response under cyclic loading effects. The freeze-thaw resistance ability of the smart concrete with the addition of carbon fibres is better than that without carbon fibres, and the compressive strength reaches the highest level when the carbon fibre mass fraction is 0.6 wt.%, which indicates that a suitable amount of carbon fibres can effectively restrict the damage to smart concrete induced by temperature stress

Table1_A real-world pharmacovigilance study of FDA adverse event reporting system events for diazepam.DOCX

Background: Diazepam, one of the benzodiazepines, is widely used clinically to treat anxiety, for termination of epilepsy, and for sedation. However, the reports of its adverse events (AEs) have been numerous, and even fatal complications have been reported. In this study, we investigated the AEs of diazepam based on real data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) adverse event reporting system (FAERS).Methods: Disproportionality in diazepam-associated AEs was assessed through the calculation of reporting odds ratios (RORs), proportional reporting ratios (PRRs), Bayesian confidence–propagation neural networks (BCPNNs), and gamma-Poisson shrinkage (GPS).Results: Among the 19,514,140 case reports in the FAERS database, 15,546 reports with diazepam as the “principal suspect (PS)" AEs were identified. Diazepam-induced AEs occurred targeting 27 system organ categories (SOCs). Based on four algorithms, a total of 391 major disproportionate preferred terms (PTs) were filtered out. Unexpectedly significant AEs such as congenital nystagmus, developmental delays, and rhabdomyolysis were noted, which were not mentioned in the drug insert.Conclusion: Our study identified potential signals of new AEs that could provide strong support for clinical monitoring and risk identification of diazepam.</p

Topic evolution in urban studies: Tracking back and moving forward

This study is a bibliometric analysis of urban studies publications from 2001 to 2021 that unravels the evolution and growing complexity of the field. Although developed regions still dominate and lead this area of inquiry, urban studies led by Asian scholars have increased dramatically over the last decade. There is also topic diffusion from developed regions to less-developed regions despite some unique emphases within each region caused by their local socio-economic-ecological contexts. Climate change adaptation and sustainable development, inequality, and urban governance are receiving growing attention globally. The findings suggest the rising importance of cross-continent knowledge transfer and multi-disciplinary collaboration, particularly among urban studies, sustainability policies and management, public administration, and development studies. Also, urban researchers need to pay more attention to issues faced by many growing cities in developing economies in Asia and Africa as more of the world's population will reside in those urban settings in the coming decades

Complete mitochondrial genome of Sinibotia superciliaris (Teleostei: Cypriniformes, Cobitidae) and its phylogenetic position

The complete mitochondrial genome of Sinibotia superciliaris was determined in this study. It contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA, 2 rRNAs, and a control region with the base composition 31.57% A, 27.18% C, 25.52% T, and 15.74% G. Here we compared this newly determined mitogenome with another one from the same species reported before. The variable sites and the genetic distances between the two mitogenomes were 20 bp and 0.1%. 15 variable sites were occurred in the PCGs. The results from the phylogenetic analysis showed that the genus Sinibotia is a monophyletic group and S. superciliaris demonstrate a sister relationship with Sinibotia pulchra

Postęp prac nad tyrzepatydem, koagonistą receptorów GIP/GLP-1, wschodzącą gwiazdą w cukrzycy typu 2

Cukrzyca typu 2 (T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus) to przewlekła, postępująca choroba metaboliczna, która jest coraz większym problemem zdrowotnym na całym świecie, a niebezpieczeństwa związane z hiperglikemią i jej przewlekłymi powikłaniami od dawna uważane są za cel leczenia cukrzycy. W ostatnich latach w Stanach Zjednoczonych zatwierdzono tyrzepatyd, który jest pierwszym podwójnym agonistą GIP/GLP-1R, jako nowy lek hipoglikemizujący w leczeniu cukrzycy. Jego działanie hipoglikemiczne i odchudzające wykazano w kilku dużych badaniach klinicznych, a ponadto istnieją dowody na to, że ma silne działanie ochronne na układ sercowo-naczyniowy. Ponadto sama koncepcja syntetycznych peptydów otwiera przed tyrzepatydem wiele nieznanych możliwości. Trwające obecnie badania (NCT04166773) i nowe dowody sugerują, że jest on obiecującym lekiem u pacjentów z niealkoholowym stłuszczeniem wątroby i chorobami nerek oraz że może również mieć działanie neuroprotekcyjne. Celem tego artykułu jest omówienie najnowszych danych klinicznych dotyczących tyrzepatydu, zwrócenie uwagi na różnice w stosunku do innych terapii inkretynowych oraz zasugerowanie przyszłych możliwości i mechanizmów terapii tyrzepatydem na podstawie wyników badań przedklinicznych i klinicznych

The complete mitochondrial genome of Acrossocheilus yunnanensis (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) and its phylogenetic position

The complete mitochondrial genome of Acrossocheilus yunnanensis was determined in this study. It contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA, 2 rRNAs, and a control region with the base composition 31.47% A, 27.83% C, 24.65% T, and 16.05% G. Here we compared this newly determined mitogenome with another one from the same species reported before. The variable sites and the genetic distances between the two mitogenomes were 134 bp and 0.8%. Sixty-five variable sites occurred in the PCGs. The results from the phylogenetic analysis showed that the genus Acrossocheilus is not a monophyletic group and Acrossocheilus yunnanensis demonstrates a close relationship with Acrossocheilus monticola

Chromatin remodelling factor BAF155 protects hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) from ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation

ABSTRACTHBx is a short-lived protein whose rapid turnover is mainly regulated by ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation pathways. Our prior work identified BAF155 to be one of the HBx binding partners. Since BAF155 has been shown to stabilize other members of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex by attenuating their proteasomal degradation, we proposed that BAF155 might also contribute to stabilizing HBx protein in a proteasome-dependent manner. Here we report that BAF155 protected hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) from ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation by competing with the 20S proteasome subunit PSMA7 to bind to HBx. BAF155 was found to directly interact with HBx via binding of its SANT domain to the HBx region between amino acid residues 81 and 120. Expression of either full-length BAF155 or SANT domain increased HBx protein levels whereas siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous BAF155 reduced HBx protein levels. Increased HBx stability and steady-state level by BAF155 were attributable to inhibition of ubiquitin-independent and PSMA7-mediated protein degradation. Consequently, overexpression of BAF155 enhanced the transcriptional transactivation function of HBx, activated protooncogene expression and inhibited hepatoma cell clonogenicity. These results suggest that BAF155 plays important roles in ubiquitin-independent degradation of HBx, which may be related to the pathogenesis and carcinogenesis of HBV-associated HCC

Invasive Alien Plants and Invasion Risk Assessment on Pingtan Island

Pingtan Island is the largest island in Fujian Province and the fifth largest island in China. The invasion of a large number of alien plants has had a profound impact on the local ecological environment. Because the harm caused by alien invasive plants varies greatly between different ecosystems and even in different habitats, the risk assessment index system suitable for one region may not be suitable for other regions. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a risk assessment index system for invasive alien plants on Pingtan Island. Alien plant communities in different habitats were studied by means of quadrat investigation and professional literature review. Some invasive alien species were selected and compiled into a list of invasive alien plants on Pingtan Island, and their species composition, origin, flora, life forms, and habitats were statistically grouped. There were 104 species in 80 genera and 37 families of alien invasive plants. Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Amaranthaceae, and Poaceae were the main families, accounting for 26.7%, 6.7%, 6.7% and 5.8% of the total species, respectively. The geographical components of families and genera have obvious tropical properties, accounting for 51.3% and 66.6% of the total species, respectively. These originated mainly from South America and North America, accounting for 45.5% and 30.1% of the total frequency, respectively. Annual herbs, biennial herbs, and perennial herbs accounted for 84.6% of the total species. Based on a DPSIR conceptual model and an AHP method, an invasion risk assessment of 104 invasive alien plants was conducted. The ecological adaptability, habitat distribution and landscape impact of species were considered in the selection of indicators and the formulation of standards. A total of 23 high-risk invasive species were identified at level I, 37 medium-risk invasive species at level II, and 44 low-risk invasive species at level III. Lantana camara L. had the highest risk score (49), followed by Cenchrus echinatus L. (45), Spartina alterniflora Loisel. (45), and Panicum repens L. (43.5). Suggestions are put forward to prevent the invasion of alien plants on Pingtan Island and to provide a theoretical basis for promoting the healthy and stable development of the ecological environment on the island