Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of traditional Kirklareli meatballs with added cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) flour

The effects of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) flour on some physical, chemical, textural and sensory properties of Kirklareli meatballs were investigated. For this purpose, cowpea flour was added to the traditional Kirklareli meatball formulation in four different proportions (2, 4, 6 and 8%). As a result of the analysis on cowpea flour; pH, water activity (a(w)), moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate, acidity, starch, total dietary fiber, total monounsaturated fatty acids, total polyunsaturated fatty acids, total unsaturated fatty acids and total saturated fatty acids were found as 6.25, 0.52, 10.20, 20.35, 0.53, 2.94, 65.43%, 0.06, 45.09, 20.90, 5.86, 59.88, 65.74 and 34.26%, respectively. Depending on the increase in incorporation rate of cowpea flour, changes in L* (43,40-53,88), b* (13,92-18,11), pH (5,83-5,94), a(w) (0,96-0,98), moisture (44,03-50,63%), protein (17,70-21,89%), fat (19,49-22,97%), carbohydrate (6,77-12,11%), salt (1,28-1,74%), total dietary fiber (2,81-5,08%) values of the raw samples and a* (5,64-9,44), b* (9,77-18,06), moisture (39,27-45,24%), protein (19,92-23,45%), fat (23,08-26,19%), carbohydrate (5,92-11,30%), total dietary fiber (3,28-5,40%) values of the cooked Kirklareli meatball samples were statistically significant (P 0.05). Total saturated, total unsaturated and trans fatty acid contents of cowpea flour added meatball samples were significantly (P < 0.05) different from the control samples. In the sensory analysis, meatball samples with 4% cowpea flour received the highest general acceptability score. According to the obtained data, cowpea flour can be added up to 4% on basic meat values without changing the textural and sensory properties of Kirklareli meatballs. Cowpea flour could be added as a functional ingredient in meatballs

Internal rate of return decision rules in case of uncertainty

İ&ccedil; verim oranı; Şimdiki Değer (ŞD), Kar/Maliyet oranı, Geri D&ouml;n&uuml;ş&uuml;m s&uuml;resi gibi yatırımları değerlendirmede kullanılan y&ouml;ntemlerden biridir. İ&ccedil; verim oranı y&ouml;ntemi, elde edilen değerin Minimum &Ccedil;ekici Verim Oranı (M&Ccedil;VO) değeri ile karşılaştırılmasını i&ccedil;erir. İ&ccedil; verim oranının hesaplanmasında literat&uuml;rde, &nbsp;projenin t&uuml;r&uuml;ne g&ouml;re birden fazla i&ccedil; verim oranı değerinin elde edilmesi ve bu değerlerin karşılaştırma i&ccedil;in kullanılması &uuml;zerine &ccedil;alışmalar yapılmaktadır. Ancak i&ccedil; verim oranı hesaplanmasında dikkate alınması gereken bir diğer konu da belirsizlik durumunun dikkate alınması gerektiği, aksi takdirde beklenen net nakit akışı değerleri ile yapılan hesaplamaların yanlış kararlara neden olabileceği ger&ccedil;eğidir. Bu d&uuml;ş&uuml;nceden yola &ccedil;ıkarak &ccedil;eşitli yatırım değerlendirme y&ouml;ntemleri i&ccedil;in aralarında bulanık k&uuml;meler yaklaşımının da kullanıldığı form&uuml;lasyonlar ger&ccedil;ekleştirilmiştir. Ancak bulanık k&uuml;meler yaklaşımı dikkate alındığında i&ccedil; verim oranının hesaplanmasında diğer yatırım değerlendirme y&ouml;ntemlerine nazaran belirli bir form&uuml;lasyon ger&ccedil;ekleştirilememiştir. Bu &ccedil;alışmada bulanık sıralama y&ouml;ntemlerinden olan t-norm ve t-conorm bulanık bağıntıları kullanılarak Şimdiki Değer eşitlikleri oluşturulmakta, herbir bulanık bağıntı i&ccedil;in &ccedil;eşitli &alpha;-kesme d&uuml;zeylerine karşılık gelen i&ccedil; verim oranı değerleri hesaplanarak i&ccedil; verim oranı ile ilgili karar kuralları oluşturulmaktadır. Bir basit proje &ouml;rneği &uuml;zerinde, &ouml;nerilen karar kuralları uygulanmakta ve bu &ouml;rnekle ilgili yorumlar yapılmaktadır. Ayrıca, i&ccedil; verim oranı i&ccedil;in belirlenen karar kurallarına alternatif bir y&ouml;ntem olarak, t-norm ve t-conorm bulanık bağıntıları kullanılarak elde edilen &uuml;&ccedil;gen bulanık sayıların durulaştırılması da &ouml;nerilmekte ve bu y&ouml;ntemle elde edilen sonu&ccedil;ların karar kuralları kullanılarak elde edilen y&ouml;ntemlerle karşılaştırması yapılmaktadır.&nbsp;Anahtar Kelimeler: İ&ccedil; verim oranı, t-norm/t-conorm bulanık bağıntı, karar kuralları.Internal rate of return (IRR) method is one of the investment appraisal techniques to evaluate the acceptability of a single project which is characterized by the comparison of IRR with Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR) of the company. Some other methods are Present Value (PV), Future Value (FV), Equivalent Uniform Annual Value (EUAV), Benefit/Cost Ratio (B/C Ratio), and Payback Period. To the best of our knowledge, the literature pertaining to IRR mostly revolves around the problem of multiple returns (for example, see Hartman and Schafrick, 2004; Zhang, 2005; Hazen, 2003) and the propositions how to integrate multiple rates of return into one internal rate of return or which one of the multiple rates of return to consider as a unique internal rate of return to be able to compare with the MARR of the company. On the other hand, to our mind, another crucial problem regarding IRR should be the consideration of uncertainty, i.e., the calculation of IRR by considering the net cash flows as uncertain. Since, the traditional approaches involve merely the expected values of the net cash flows for the calculation of IRR, any variation from the expected values may invalidate the decision of the project. With this concern, fuzzy sets approach is one of the approaches in the literature that considers uncertainty in investment appraisal techniques for single projects, especially for PV, FV, Capitalized Value, EUAV, B/C Ratio, and Payback Period methods (for example, see Chiu and Park, 1994; Kahraman et al.,2000; Kahraman et al., 2002). However, the use of fuzzy sets approach for the IRR method was also discussed and some authors concluded the impossibility of the applicability of the fuzzy approach to the calculation of IRR (for example, see Kahraman et al., 2002 for the review), since 0 is not a fuzzy number, and the left-hand side and 0 cannot be compared. In this paper, we assume net cash flows as fuzzy numbers, specifically as triangular fuzzy numbers, and propose to reformulate two PV equations by considering t-norm and t-conorm fuzzy relations to compare the left-hand side and the right-hand side of each PV equation. We also consider MARR value as a fuzzy number, specifically a triangular fuzzy number, to be able to compare the IRR values obtained from t-norm and t-conorm fuzzy relations with the respective MARR values for each &alpha;-cut level. Afterwards, we propose the decision rules for IRR. In the decision rules, we note that the predetermined thresholds for &alpha;-cut levels determine the final decision of the decision maker. We also note that we expect to obtain the best values and worst values of IRR for a given &alpha;-cut level, and that the decision maker may have the opportunity to see the possible range of the IRR values between these best values and worst-values. A taxonomy of fuzzy ranking methods and the details of the methods have been provided in Chen and Hwang (2002). t-norm and t-conorm fuzzy relations are the extensions of possibility and necessity measures (Ramik, 2006), while possibility and necessity measures are classified under the group "Comparison function" in the taxonomy of Chen and Hwang (2002). t-norm and t-conorm fuzzy relations and their properties are examined in detail in most reference books (for example, see Klir and Yuan, 1995; Buckley et al., 2002). Inuiguchi et al. (2003) also studies t-norm and t-conorm fuzzy relations in detail and applies t-norm and t-conorm fuzzy relations to a general Fuzzy Linear Programming (FLP) model to compare the left-hand side with the right-hand side of the inequality constraints, and also to compare the objective function with the aspiration level as a definition of the maximization of the objective function. The following paper follows the approach of Inuiguchi et al. (2003), but applies the approach to the PV equations to compare the left-hand side and right-hand side, so that t-norm and t-conorm based IRR values are obtained for each &alpha;-cut level. We illustrate the proposed decision rules with a three-period simple project example, and interpret the results. As an alternative to the proposed decision rules, we also propose to defuzzify the triangular fuzzy numbers representing IRR and MARR by Center of Gravity method, so that we can compare the singleton IRR and MARR results. We also compare the results obtained from the decision rules and from the defuzzification of the triangular fuzzy numbers. Finally, in the conclusions, we summarize the results and give the potentials for future research to apply the proposed decision rules to other types of projects. Keywords: Internal rate of return, t-norm/t-conorm fuzzy relations, decision rules

The Nursing Care And Education Plan For A Child With Epidermolysis Bullosa (A Case Report)

EB is a chronic disease, some types of which may have morbidity and mortality. That is why the patients must receive multidisciplinary care in case any complications arise. Families must be informed about the disease, about home care and receive genetic counselling. The importance of genetic counselling cannot be stressed enough, since both M.C. and his younger brother were diagnosed with EB. If the family had received genetic counselling, this tragic situation could have been prevented. Home care education for the families of EB patients is also of great importance. Relatives of the patient must also be educated about wound care, infection control, patient nutrition and physical treatment. They must also be educated about how to use the medications and about bandaging, dressing, Vaseline bandages, antiseptics, bathing procedures, and the use of antibiotic cream ointment. It was obvious, therefore, that the nursing care given at home enhanced both the patient’s and the family’s quality of life

Evaluation of left ventricular systolic function with pulsed wave tissue Doppler in rheumatic mitral stenosis

Background: Mitral stenosis (MS) is still the most common complication of acute rheumatic fever in Turkey. Rheumatic carditis affects not only cardiac valves but also myocardium. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the subclinical left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction and contraction of short and long axial circumferential and longitudinal fibers by pulsed wave tissue Doppler in rheumatic MS patients who have preserved LV systolic function in 2D echocardiography.Methods: Fifteen severe, 20 moderate rheumatic MS patients hospitalized for mitral balloon valvuloplasty, and 15 patients who had normal echocardiographic findings were included in the study. After routine conventional transthoracic echocardiographic examination, LV myocardial systolic velocities were evaluated with pulsed wave tissue Doppler in the short and long axis with simultaneous electrocardiographic monitoring.Results: Long axis first systolic velocity (SW1) of mild-moderate and severe MS was much lower than normal group (10.7 ± 2.3 in normal group vs. 7.9 ± 1.3 in mild-moderate MS group vs. 6.2 ± 1.4 in severe MS group, p &lt; 0.001). Long axis Q-SW1 duration was longer in mild-moderate MS group (145 ± 32 in normal group vs. 199 ± 43 in mild-moderate MS group, p = 0.001). Short axis Q-SW2 duration was longer in normal group compared to mild-moderate and severe MS groups (298 ± 41 in normal group vs. 245 ± 37 in mild-moderate MS group vs. 234 ± 26 in severe MS group, p &lt; 0.001). Significant correlation between mitral valve area and SW1, Q-SW1 was determined (p = 0.01).Conclusions: Even if LV functions are normal with conventional 2D echocardiography, subclinical systolic dysfunction exists in MS. Also, there is a dyssynchrony between contraction of longitudinal and circumferential myofibrils

Baseline Interleukin-10, CD163 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-like Weak Inducer of Apoptosis Gingival Tissue Levels in Relation to Clinical Periodontal Treatment Outcomes: A 12-Week Follow-up Study

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between healing response after non-surgical periodontal treatment and baseline gingival tissue levels of M2 macrophage activation-related proteins CD163, interleukin (IL)-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), and the CD163/TWEAK ratio.Methods: Eighty-eight gingival tissue samples from 44 Stage III/IV, Grade C periodontitis patients (18 smokers) and 41 tissue samples from 41 periodontally healthy participants (18 smokers) were evaluated. Clinical parameters were recorded in periodontally healthy individuals at baseline and in periodontitis patients at pre-treatment and 2, 6, and 12 weeks following therapy. IL-10, IFN-γ, CD163, and TWEAK levels were analyzed with Luminex technique.Results: Tissue levels (median, 1st -3rd quartile) of IL-10 (pg/ng protein), CD163 (pg/μg protein) and TWEAK (pg/μg protein) were as follows: IL-10 periodontitis: 2.08, 0.86-5.32 and periodontally healthy: 5.22, 3.20-10.25; CD163 periodontitis: 8.85, 4.92-14.06 and periodontally healthy: 18.36, 12.51-34.02; TWEAK periodontitis: 0.08, 0.05-0.11 and periodontally healthy: 0.16, 0.12-0.21. IL-10, CD163, and TWEAK levels were higher (P Conclusion: Associations of pocket closure with pre-treatment gingival tissue CD163 levels and CD163/TWEAK ratio indicate that baseline M2 macrophage activation profile may play a role in periodontal wound healing.</p

Tissue Levels of CD80, CD163 and CD206 and Their Ratios in Periodontal and Peri-Implant Health and Disease

This study aimed to compare tissue levels of CD80 (pro-inflammatory macrophage-related surface marker), CD163, and CD206 (anti-inflammatory macrophage-related surface markers), and their ratios in periodontal and peri-implant health and disease. Altogether, 36 tissue samples were obtained from 36 participants with clinically healthy gingiva (n = 10), healthy peri-implant mucosa (n = 8), periodontitis lesions (n = 9), and peri-implantitis lesions (n = 9). CD80, CD163, and CD206 levels were assessed with immunoblotting. CD163 levels were found to be decreased (p = 0.004), and the CD80/CD163 ratio was found to be elevated (p = 0.002) in periodontitis lesions compared to healthy gingiva. Peri-implantitis lesions showed a tendency towards a higher CD80/CD163 ratio than in healthy peri-implant mucosa with a borderline difference (p = 0.054). No statistically significant difference was detected in CD80, CD163, and CD206 levels of periodontitis lesions when compared to peri-implantitis, and in healthy gingiva when compared to healthy peri-implant mucosa. A disruption in CD80/CD163 balance seems to be related to the pathogenesis of periodontitis and peri-implantitis, being less prominent in the latter. The reason behind this phenomenon may be either suppressed CD163 expression or reduced CD163+ anti-inflammatory macrophage abundance. </p

Salivary levels of BAFF, TWEAK, and soluble CD163 and salivary arginase activity before and after periodontal treatment

Objective: To monitor salivary B-cell activating factor (BAFF), tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), and soluble (s)CD163 levels and arginase activity in periodontitis patients following nonsurgical periodontal treatment.Background: BAFF, TWEAK, and sCD163 and arginase are associated with activities of B cells and macrophages, which are important regulators of periodontal immune-inflammatory response and healing following treatment. Increased salivary BAFF and sCD163 levels and arginase activity in periodontitis have been demonstrated, but their changes following treatment have not been evaluated before.Materials and methods: Forty-four Stage III/IV periodontitis patients and 35 periodontally healthy controls were included in the study. Full-mouth periodontal measurements were recorded and unstimulated saliva was obtained from all participants at baseline. Sample collection and measurements were repeated in periodontitis patients at 2, 6, 12, and 24 weeks following full-mouth scaling and root debridement, whereas controls were only seen at baseline. BAFF, TWEAK, and sCD163 levels were analyzed with bead-based multiplexed immunoassay. Arginase activity was measured with Chinard's method.Results: BAFF (p Conclusions: The decrease in salivary BAFF levels 2 weeks after periodontal treatment indicates a change in cell signaling toward limited B-cell activation. Decreasing arginase activity similarly reflects a significant reduction in inflammatory response. The reduction in sCD163 levels that are observed at 24 weeks may reflect a longstanding anti-inflammatory macrophage activation, given their multiple functions in immune response, inflammation, and healing.</p

Gait Analysis in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Single Centre Experience

Introduction:Gait impairment is the earliest symptom of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). This study objectively investigates gait changes using Ambulatory Parkinson’s Disease Monitoring inertial sensors after cerebrospinal fluid withdrawal in patients with iNPH.Methods:Two-minute walkway tests were performed in eleven patients with iNPH before and after the spinal tap test (TT) or ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery. Gait parameters were analyzed and compared for each patient individually before and after the intervention.Results:Eleven patients with iNPH (six female, five male) with a median age of 76 (68-76) were included in the study. After the spinal TT or ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery, patients exhibited increased cadence (steps per minute) and decreased step and stride time (p=0.008, for all).Conclusion:APDM inertial sensors may provide a quantitative gait assessment in patients with iNPH

Assessment the effect of diabetes education on self-care behaviors and glycemic control in the Turkey Nursing Diabetes Education Evaluating Project (TURNUDEP): a multi-center study

Background: Diabetes education in Turkey is provided by diabetes nurse educators in almost all healthcare organizations. However, the education is not standardized in terms of learning content, duration, and methods. This multi-center study was performed to assess the self-care behaviors and glycemic control following education provided to the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by diabetes nurse educators. Methods: This was a descriptive and cross-sectional study and included 1535 patients admitted to 28 public hospitals for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The education was assessed by using a Patient Identification Form and Self-care Scale. Results: The proportion of individuals who received diabetes education within the last year was 78.5%, with 46.7% of them having received it once. Of the patients, 84.8% reported that they received diabetes education individually. It was found that the proportion of individuals who received education about oral antidiabetics (78.5%) and glucose testing at home (78.5%) was higher than the proportion of individuals who received education about exercise (58.8%) and foot care (61.6%). The status of diabetes education, education intervals, and the correlation of the education method with self-care and glycemic control was evaluated. Self-care and glycemic control levels were better among the patients who received diabetes education thrice or more and in patients who received education both individually and in a group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Approximately three-quarters of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus received education by diabetes nurse educators in Turkey. Diabetes education is positively correlated with self-care and glycemic control levels among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Efforts for generalization and standardized education for all diabetes patients are necessary. © 2022, The Author(s)

Multi-ethnic genome-wide association study for atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) affects more than 33 million individuals worldwide and has a complex heritability. We conducted the largest meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for AF to date, consisting of more than half a million individuals, including 65,446 with AF. In total, we identified 97 loci significantly associated with AF, including 67 that were novel in a combined-ancestry analysis, and 3 that were novel in a European-specific analysis. We sought to identify AF-associated genes at the GWAS loci by performing RNA-sequencing and expression quantitative trait locus analyses in 101 left atrial samples, the most relevant tissue for AF. We also performed transcriptome-wide analyses that identified 57 AF-associated genes, 42 of which overlap with GWAS loci. The identified loci implicate genes enriched within cardiac developmental, electrophysiological, contractile and structural pathways. These results extend our understanding of the biological pathways underlying AF and may facilitate the development of therapeutics for AF