PAPILLARY HIDRADENOMA OF VULVA: A RARE CASE PRESENTATION

Papillary hidradenomas in the vulva arise from specialized anogenital mammary-like glands in and around the intralabial sulcus. These are benign lesions, which present as slow-growing, circumscribed cystic masses. Histologically, papillary hidradenomas are characterized by glandular structures and complex branching papillae with fibrovascular stalks. The glands are lined by myoepithelial cells and epithelial secretory cells with surrounding fibrous stroma. Oestrogen and progesterone receptors are potential markers to differentiate between anogenital sweat glands and conventional sweat glands. We intend to present a case of excoriating papillary hidradenoma of the vulva in a 23-year old female with a review of the literature. Keywords: Papillary hidradenoma, Vulva, Benign Tumor

Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans of Male Breast: An Unusual Presentation

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare tumor which usually presents during early or middle adult life, as erythematous indurated firm subcutaneous nodules. DFSP involving the breast is a rare phenomenon and even rarer in males. We describe a case of a male patient who presented with this tumor in his left breast

Total Serum Cholesterol Level in Cases of Carcinoma Breast – A Correlative Study

Aims and Objective: Correlation between serum cholesterol level and risk of breast cancer. Material and Methods: Fifty histologically diagnosed breast cancer patients were included in the study. Patients were grouped according to the size, histological type of the tumor and lymph node involvement. Patient’s total serum cholesterol levels were measured a week prior to the operation and on the 14th day postoperatively. Fifty age-matched non-cancer females were treated as a control. Observations: The pre and postoperative mean total serum cholesterol (MTSC) was found to be 272.3 ± 43.4mg/dl and 210.54 ± 31.5mg/dl respectively. An MTSC level in fifty control cases was found to be 183.42 ± 34.4mg/dl. Patients with tumor size less than 5cms showed preoperative mean serum cholesterol levels of 261.6 ± 36.5mg/dl and a postoperative value of 201.9 ± 16.9mg/dl while those with tumor size more than 10cms showed a mean serum cholesterol level of 282.36 ± 64.8mg/dl preoperatively and 211.82 ± 53.15mg/dl postoperatively. Thirty patients with scirrhous type of carcinoma had a preoperative mean serum cholesterol level as 237.36mg/dL, and twelve patients with a colloid type of carcinoma showed a preoperative level of 294.9 ± 18.4mg/dL whereas eight patients with medullary type of carcinoma showed the highest preoperative level of 324.3 ± 19.8mg/dL, whereas the corresponding postoperative values were 202.9 ± 30.0mg, 216.8 ± 27.8mg and 229.4 ± 29.8mg respectively. Conclusions: The present study helps us to conclude that dietary habits affect the association of cholesterol in breast cancer and size, histology with tumor metastasis effects such relationship

Nasal glioma with psammomatous calcification- An unusual presentation

Congenital midline swellings of nose are encountered rarely, and nasal gliomas constitute about 5% of such lesions. Various theories have been suggested to explain the pathogenesis. Imaging preferably by MRI is mandated to study the extent and to rule out intracranial extension. Clinically, these masses are firm and incompressible. Histologically, they are made up of astrocytes and neuroglial cells, embedded in fibrous and vascular connective tissue. The mainstay of treatment is conservative surgical excision because nasal gliomas are slow-growing, rarely recurrent, and have no malignant potential. We present a case of congenital extranasal glioma with psammomatous calcification and without any intracranial extension in an eighteen month old boy.--------------------------------------------Cite this article as: Sherwani RK, Akhtar K, Ray PS, Ahmad SS. Nasal glioma with psammomatous calcification- An unusual presentation. Int J  Cancer Ther Oncol 2014; 2(2):02027. DOI: 10.14319/ijcto.0202.

Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis: A Rare Presentation

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is an uncommon chronic destructive disease process of renal parenchyma, associated with recurrent urinary tract infection. It is seen predominantly in females with no age specificity. The most common symptoms are flank or abdominal pain, fever, palpable mass, and gross hematuria. The common laboratory findings are leukocytosis and anemia. Urine cultures most often reveal Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Computed tomography is the mainstay of diagnostic imaging for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Histologically, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presents a granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate mainly composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells, foamy histiocytes, and multinucleated giant cells. The differential diagnosis includes clear cell renal cell carcinoma, sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, malakoplakia, tuberculosis, and interstitial nephritis. Treatment includes antibiotics and surgery. In this article, we report a case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in a 38-year-old male patient with recurrent urinary tract infection

Histopathological Study of Subacute Toxic Effects of Chloroacetic Acid on Albino Rats and its Correlation with Serum Levels of Malondialdehyde

Human beings are increasingly being exposed to chloroacetic acid (CAA), a type of halo acetic acid. It would not be an exaggeration to say that almost the whole humankind today is affected by it or its metabolites. The concern over the carcinogenicity of haloacetic acids led the United States Environmental Protection Agency to regulate the allowable concentration of haloacetic acids in drinking water as part of the Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule promulgated in 1998. Keeping this view in mind, the present study on histolopathological evaluation of different types of tissues viz., brain, kidney, liver, spleen and testes of Rattus norvegicus was performed, to find out the subacute toxicity of chloroacetic acid and correlation between CAA administration and changes in malondialdehyde (MDA) level in blood

Clinical assessment of a low-cost, hand-held, smartphone-attached intraoral imaging probe for 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy monitoring and guidance

SIGNIFICANCE: India has one of the highest rates of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the world, with an incidence of 15 per 100,000 and more than 70,000 deaths per year. The problem is exacerbated by a lack of medical infrastructure and routine screening, especially in rural areas. New technologies for oral cancer detection and timely treatment at the point of care are urgently needed. AIM: Our study aimed to use a hand-held smartphone-coupled intraoral imaging device, previously investigated for autofluorescence (auto-FL) diagnostics adapted here for treatment guidance and monitoring photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence (FL). APPROACH: A total of 12 patients with 14 buccal mucosal lesions having moderately/well-differentiated micro-invasive OSCC lesions (1.65 at the time of treatment were associated with successful outcomes. CONCLUSION: These results indicate the utility of a low-cost, handheld intraoral imaging probe for image-guided PDT and treatment monitoring while also laying the groundwork for an integrated approach, combining cancer screening and treatment with the same hardware

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic

Synchronous Ovarian Carcinoma with Colorectal Metastases: An Unusual Presentation

This report describes the case of a 50-yearold female patient who presented with bilateral adnexal lump and dysfunctional uterine bleeding with altered bowel habits. Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a bilateral adnexal lump situated in both the ovaries and a lobular mass of 8 cm in the rectum. Proctoscopy revealed an elevated irregular rectal lesion. The microscopic examination of the ovarian lump revealed a bilateral serous adenocarcinoma with a papillary pattern with psammomatous calcification. A left hemicolectomy with lymphadenectomy was also performed. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for cytokeratin 7 and negative for cytokeratin 20. The use of immunohistochemistry demonstrated the tumor to be of ovarian origin. We report this case of synchronous involvement of the ovary and the colorectum because of its rarity and unusual presentation