Partilha de recursos para polinizaçao de Bromeliaceae em uma área de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Alto-montana no Estado do Paraná, Brasil

Orientador: Renato GoldenbergCo-orientadora: Isabela Galarda VarassinDissertaçao(mestrado)- Universidade Federal do Paraná. Setor de Ciencias Biológicas. Curso de Pós-graduaçao em Ciencias Biológicas-BotânicaInclui bibliografiaResumo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar os agentes polinizadores de uma comunidade de bromélias em Floresta Ombrófila Densa Altomontana e relacionar possíveis associações entre a morfologia de bromélias e seus polinizadores. O estudo foi conduzido no Parque Estadual do Pico do Marumbi com oito espécies de bromélias tendo resultado em cerca de 4450 minutos de observação distribuídos principalmente no amanhecer, meio-dia, anoitecer e noite. Foram identificados 12 espécies de polinizadores dos quais oito beija-flores, três morcegos e uma abelha. Tornou-se evidente a influência do tamanho da corola e horário da antese além da presença de odor e néctar como determinadores de qual grupo animal atuará como polinizador.Abstract: The main goals of this research were to characterize the pollinators of a bromeliad community in the atlantic rain forest, as well as to understand the relationships between bromeliad morphology and its pollinators. The study was carried out in the Pico do Marumbi State Park on eight species of bromeliad, resulting in about 4450 minutes of observation during the periods of sunrise, midday, sunset and night. Twelve species of pollinators were identified, being eight hummingbirds, three bats and one bee. As results, came up evident the influence of the corolla size and time of anthesis, as well as the presence of a strong odor and nectar as establishers of which group will act as pollinator

Macroevolution of the plant–hummingbird pollination system

ABSTRACTPlant–hummingbird interactions are considered a classic example of coevolution, a process in which mutually dependent species influence each other's evolution. Plants depend on hummingbirds for pollination, whereas hummingbirds rely on nectar for food. As a step towards understanding coevolution, this review focuses on the macroevolutionary consequences of plant–hummingbird interactions, a relatively underexplored area in the current literature. We synthesize prior studies, illustrating the origins and dynamics of hummingbird pollination across different angiosperm clades previously pollinated by insects (mostly bees), bats, and passerine birds. In some cases, the crown age of hummingbirds pre‐dates the plants they pollinate. In other cases, plant groups transitioned to hummingbird pollination early in the establishment of this bird group in the Americas, with the build‐up of both diversities coinciding temporally, and hence suggesting co‐diversification. Determining what triggers shifts to and away from hummingbird pollination remains a major open challenge. The impact of hummingbirds on plant diversification is complex, with many tropical plant lineages experiencing increased diversification after acquiring flowers that attract hummingbirds, and others experiencing no change or even a decrease in diversification rates. This mixed evidence suggests that other extrinsic or intrinsic factors, such as local climate and isolation, are important covariables driving the diversification of plants adapted to hummingbird pollination. To guide future studies, we discuss the mechanisms and contexts under which hummingbirds, as a clade and as individual species (e.g. traits, foraging behaviour, degree of specialization), could influence plant evolution. We conclude by commenting on how macroevolutionary signals of the mutualism could relate to coevolution, highlighting the unbalanced focus on the plant side of the interaction, and advocating for the use of species‐level interaction data in macroevolutionary studies

Taxonomic revision, phylogeny, evolution, and Biogeography of Lundia DC. (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae)

Lundia DC. (Bignoniaceae, tribo Bignonieae) se caracteriza pelo hábito lianescente, pelas glândulas interpeciolares, anteras e ovários vilosos, e pelos tricomas simples na margem do estigma. Além disso, o gênero não apresenta o disco nectarífero que está localizado na base do ovário da maior parte dos representantes da tribo Bignonieae. Neste trabalho são reconhecidas 13 espécies de Lundia, das quais uma é nova (L. laevis). Para a compreensão do parentesco filogenético entre as espécies do gênero, foi reconstruída a filogenia de Lundia com base em um marcador de cloroplasto (ndhF), um marcador nuclear ( PepC), e caracteres morfológicos. Os dados foram analisados utilizando parcimônia e metodologia bayesiana, os quais reconstruíram topologias congruentes. Em todas as análises, Lundia emergiu como grupo monofilético, com alta sustentação de caracteres morfológicos e moleculares. Além disso, todas as espécies amostradas múltiplas vezes também formaram grupos monofiléticos, exceto no caso de L. nitidula a qual emergiu como parafilética, com L. obliqua inserida no clado L. nitidula; no entanto, o parentesco entre os indivíduos inseridos no clado L. nitidula + L. obliqua apresentou baixa resolução. A filogenia de Lundia contribuiu com informações importantes para uma melhor circunscrição das espécies e elaboração de uma revisão taxonômica do gênero que incluiu descrições, chaves de identificação, comentários taxonômicos e mapas de distribuição para as 13 espécies reconhecidas. Entre as mudanças taxonômicas resultantes da revisão estão o reconhecimento de um táxon previamente sinonimizado (L. nitidula), a sinonimização de duas outras espécies (L. cordata em L. corymbifera e L. glazioviana em L. virginalis), e o ajuste na utilização de um nome mal aplicado (L. longa). Além disso, a filogenia do gênero também serviu como base para um estudo biogeográfico de Lundia, o qual indicou que o gênero originou-se no Mioceno, em uma área que atualmente agrega a sub-região Amazônica e a região Andina. O primeiro evento de diversificação dentro de Lundia ocorreu quando o Mar de Pebas (uma extensa área submersa na Amazônia Oriental) ainda existia. Aparentemente, o Mar de Pebas serviu como uma barreira geográfica que isolou uma linhagem de Lundia exclusivamente Andina (L. spruceana) de uma linhagem amazônica. Este evento vicariante foi seguido de diversos eventos de dispersão em direção às sub-regiões Paranaense e Caribenha.Lundia DC. (Bignoniaceae, tribe Bignonieae) is characterized by the liana habit, interpetiolar gland fields, villose anthers and ovary, and by the simple trichomes at the stigma margins. Furthermore, the genus lacks the nectary disc that is located at the base of the ovary of most other representatives of tribe Bignonieae. This study recognizes 13 species of Lundia, one of which is new (L. laevis). In order to gain a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships between the species included in the genus, we reconstructed the phylogeny of Lundia based on a chloroplast (ndhF) and a nuclear marker (PepC), and morphological characters. The data was analyzed using parsimony and Bayesian methods, both of which reconstructed congruent topologies. In all analyses, Lundia emerged as monophyletic, strongly supported by morphological and molecular characters. Furthermore, all species sampled multiple times also emerged as monophyletic, except for L. nitidula which was paraphyletic, with L. obliqua nested within the L. nitidula clade; however, relationships between individuals within the L. nitidula + L. obliqua clade were poorly supported. The phylogeny of Lundia contributed important information for a better circumscription of species and for the preparation of a taxonomic revision of the genus that included descriptions, identification keys, taxonomic comments and distribution maps for all 13 recognized. The taxonomic changes proposed in the revision included the recognition of a previously synonymized taxon (L. nitidula), the synonymization of two other taxa (L. cordata under L. corymbifera and L. glazioviana under L. virginalis), and the correction of a misapplied name (L. longa). Furthermore, the phylogeny of the genus also served as basis for a biogeographic study of Lundia, which indicated that the genus originated during the Miocene, in an area that is currently occupied by the Amazonian sub-region and Andean region. The first diversification event within Lundia occurred when the Pebas System (an extensively submerged area in Western Amazonia) was still present. Apparently, the Pebas System served as a geographic barrier that isolated an exclusively Andean lineage of Lundia (L. spruceana) from an Amazonian lineage. This vicariant event was followed by multiple dispersal events towards the Paranaense and Caribean sub-regions

Partilha de recursos para polinização de Bromeliaceae em uma área de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Alto-montana no Estado do Paraná, Brasil

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Renato GoldenbergCoorientadora: Profª Drª Isabela Galarda VarassinDissertação (mestrado)- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-BotânicaInclui referências: p. 36-41Resumo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar os agentes polinizadores de uma comunidade de bromélias em Floresta Ombrófila Densa Altomontana e relacionar possíveis associações entre a morfologia de bromélias e seus polinizadores. O estudo foi conduzido no Parque Estadual do Pico do Marumbi com oito espécies de bromélias tendo resultado em cerca de 4450 minutos de observação distribuídos principalmente no amanhecer, meio-dia, anoitecer e noite. Foram identificados 12 espécies de polinizadores dos quais oito beija-flores, três morcegos e uma abelha. Tornou-se evidente a influência do tamanho da corola e horário da antese além da presença de odor e néctar como determinadores de qual grupo animal atuará como polinizador.Abstract: The main goals of this research were to characterize the pollinators of a bromeliad community in the atlantic rain forest, as well as to understand the relationships between bromeliad morphology and its pollinators. The study was carried out in the Pico do Marumbi State Park on eight species of bromeliad, resulting in about 4450 minutes of observation during the periods of sunrise, midday, sunset and night. Twelve species of pollinators were identified, being eight hummingbirds, three bats and one bee. As results, came up evident the influence of the corolla size and time of anthesis, as well as the presence of a strong odor and nectar as establishers of which group will act as pollinator

Karyotype analysis in Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae): chromosome numbers and heterochromatin

<div><p>ABSTRACT Chromosome numbers and heterochromatin banding pattern variability have been shown to be useful for taxonomic and evolutionary studies of different plant taxa. Bignonieae is the largest tribe of Bignoniaceae, composed mostly by woody climber species whose taxonomies are quite complicated. We reviewed and added new data concerning chromosome numbers in Bignonieae and performed the first analyses of heterochromatin banding patterns in that tribe based on the fluorochromes chromomycin A3 (CMA) and 4’-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). We confirmed the predominant diploid number 2n = 40, as well as variations reported in the literature (dysploidy in Mansoa [2n = 38] and polyploidy in Dolichandra ungis-cati [2n = 80] and Pyrostegia venusta [2n = 80]). We also found a new cytotype for the genus Anemopaegma (Anemopaegma citrinum, 2n = 60) and provide the first chromosome counts for five species (Adenocalymma divaricatum, Amphilophium scabriusculum, Fridericia limae, F. subverticillata, and Xylophragma myrianthum). Heterochromatin analyses revealed only GC-rich regions, with six different arrangements of those bands. The A-type (one large and distal telomeric band) were the most common, although the presence and combinations of the other types appear to be the most promising for taxonomic studies.</p></div

Environmental correlates of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in the Atlantic Forest

Aim There is little consensus on which environmental variables are best at predicting multiple dimensions of diversity. We ask whether there are common environmental correlates of diversity, despite ecological differences, across nine clades of plants and animals distributed along a single rainforest domain. For that, we compare the environmental correlates of species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and phylogenetic endemism. Location Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Taxon:Five clades of plants (Bromelioideae, Miconieae, Bertolonia, Cambessedesieae, and the Fridericia and allies) and four clades of animals (butterlies in the tribe Ithomiini, frogs in the genera Boana and Proceratophrys, and birds in the subfamily Thraupinae). Methods Using curated occurrence localities and phylogenetic data, we generated maps of (a) species richness, (b) phylogenetic diversity, (c) residuals of phylogenetic diversity regressed on species richness, and (d) phylogenetic endemism for all groups. We also compiled a set of 30 environmental descriptors, including records of current temperature and precipitation, climatic stability over time, and topography. Through a machine learning framework, we explored the environmental correlates of each of these diversity measures for each group. Results The environmental variables used here were strong predictors of diversity for all studied groups. However, models for phylogenetic endemism had lower predictive power. Although patterns of diversity are different among groups, correlates of diversity are consistent across taxa. For both species richness and phylogenetic diversity, current precipitation and precipitation stability over time were consistently ranked among the variables that strongly correlate with diversity patterns. The correlates of phylogenetic endemism were less homogeneous across groups. The results suggest that including climate stability over time is important when predicting diversity measures that reflect historical components. Main conclusions Investigating environmental correlates of diversity for multiple clades and diversity measures in a single geographic area allows for a better understanding of common patterns across taxa. This study shows that environmental conditions, particularly precipitation, are good predictors of the patterns of species richness and phylogenetic diversity‐but not phylogenetic endemism‐across different Atlantic Forest groups.Additional co-authors: Marcelo Reginato, Karina Lucas Silva‐Brandão, André Victor Lucci Freitas, Renato Goldenberg, Lúcia G. Lohmann, Fabián A. Michelangeli, Cristina Miyaki, Miguel T. Rodrigues, Ana C. Carnava