Diallel analysis of pod yield and 100 seeds weight in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) using GRIFFING and HAYMAN methods.

Objectives: The lack of information on yield and yield components are an obstacle in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding for productivity improvement in BURKINA FASO. This work is to elucidate the mode of heritability of genes that govern 100 seed weight and pod yield, and identify the best parents for recommendation in hybridization programs.Materials and methods: A 6 x 6 full diallel with breeding lines such as GM656, NAMA, PC79-79, AS, SH470P and CN94C; was conducted. Two models were used, one of GRIFFING (1956) and the second of HAYMAN (1954), to detect the general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability. GCA/SCA 1 for 100 seed weight and GCA / SCA 1 for pod yield. D-H1 difference reveals existence of an over dominance for 100 seed weight and partial dominance for pods yield. Heritability in the narrow sense is 48.7% for the pod yield and 55.3% for the weight of 100 seeds.Conclusion and Application of results: These results show that the pod yield is governed by genes with additive effects and non-additive effects with more additivity effects. However, the weight of 100 seed is essentially governed by genes with additive and non-additive effects with a preponderance of non-additive effects and dominance. HAYMAN graphical analysis indicates that CN94C, SH470P, AS have a lot more genes that control pods yield and 100 seed weight. These breeding lines may be recommended in hybridization for improvement of productivity. The importance of Reciprocal effects (RCE) shows that we must consider maternal effects in hybridization for breeding programs. In these programmeKeys word: Arachis hypogaea L. Yield; 100 seed weight, General Combining Ability; Specific Combining Ability

Evaluation of Cercospora oryzae Miyake under natural pressure conditions.

Objective: This study is a contribution to the knowledge of Cercospora oryzae Miyake, in order to increase yields. It will consist in: i) evaluating the resistance of five varieties of rice, ii) evaluating the effect of Cercospora oryzae Miyake on the leaf and panicle stages and iii) evaluating the yield.Methodology and results: The study will combine phenotypic and agromorphological tools. On the ninety first (91th) day after sowing, a high incidence of leaf Cercosporiosis was recorded on the varieties TS2 (29.74%), FKR34 (27%) and a very low incidence on the variety ORYLUX6 (5, 78%). From tillering to panicle initiation, the rate of progression of the epidemic r2 = 0.879 is significant in TS2. The ORYLUX6 variety is the most capable of slowing the progression of the epidemic. At the panicular level, from the pasty grain stage to the milky grain stage, the incidence has increased for most of the varieties. The ORYLUX6 recorded the highest yield with 4.38 t/ ha.Conclusion and application potential of the results: Cercospora oryzae Miyake causes a drop in yield by reducing the leaf area of thr leaves. Cercospora oryzae Miyake is an important disease of rice in Sud-Benin. These results constiyute a stage of an in-depth research work on the characterization (agronomic and genetic) of Cercospora oryzae Miyake in order to propose methods of control. Objectifs : L’étude a été une contribution à la connaissance de Cercospora oryzae Miyake afin d’accroitre les rendements. Elle a consistée a : i) évaluer la résistance de cinq variétés de riz, ii) évaluer l’effet de Cercospora oryzae Miyake sur les stades foliaires et paniculaires et iii) évaluer le rendement.Méthodologie et résultats : L’étude a combinée des outils phénotypiques et agromorphologiques. Au quatre-vingt onzième jour après semis on a enregistré une forte incidence de la cercosporiose foliaire sur les variétés TS2 (29,74%), FKR34 (27%) et une très faible incidence sur la variété ORYLUX6 (5,78%). Du stade tallage à l’initiation paniculaire le taux de progression de l’épidémie r2=0,879 a été important chez TS2. La variété ORYLUX6 a été la plus apte à freiner la progression de l’épidémie. Du stade grain pâteux au stade grain laiteux l’incidence à augmentée pour la plus part des variétés. ORYLUX6 a enregistré le rendement le plus élève (4,38 t/ha).Conclusion et application potentielle des résultats: Cercospora oryzae Miyake entraine une baisse de rendement en réduisant les surfaces foliaires des feuilles. La cercosporiose est une affection importante du riz au Sud-Bénin. Ces résultats constituent une étape d’un travail de recherche approfondi sur la caractérisation (agronomique et génétique) de Cercospora oryzae Miyake afin de proposer des méthodes de luttes

Diagnostic de l’incidence des Pathogènes Fongiques du Riz au Sud Bénin et Identification Morphologique de Cercospora oryzae

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most widely grown cereals in Benin. Even though the country is agricultural, food self-sufficiency has never been reached, and rice import is always important every year. For rice, diseases are the factor causing poor quality and the reduction of harvests. This is the reason that leads us to monitor the rice disease present in Benin. The incidence of the disease was assessed by visual observation of the symptoms in the field and the identity of the pathogens was confirmed by the laboratory tests. For this, a sampling was carried out in 6 departments (Mono, Couffo, Ouemé, Plateau, Atlantic, Zou), 9 municipalities (Zè, Abomey-Calavi, Comé, Grand-Popo, Adjohoun, Pobè, Adja Ouéré, Dogbo, Ouinhi) and 12 sites (Awokpa, Docomey, Gative, Matekpo, Kodé-Ague, Gouti, Odja-Igbagi, Houeli-Gaba, Kpodji, Aizè, Zaloko, Zoungo) in southern Benin. A survey was conducted during the sampling to gather information that can help us identify the pathogen. Isolation was carried out using standard mushroom media (PDA, Rice Flour, Agar-Agar). The isolates were then identified by observation of petri dish colonies by microscopic observations of spores and mycelia. The symptoms found are very varied and the incidence of some symptoms is low except cercosporiosis and rice blast on rice leaves. In the sites of Gative, Docomey, Kpodji, Matekpo, the found symptoms of cercosporiosis do not vary and the incidence is close to 100%. The isolation of the microorganisms from samples of each of these regions confirms the results obtained: Cercospora oryzae was the dominant pathogenic species in the site of Gative, Docomey and Kpodji, Curvularia oryzae wasthe dominant pathogenic species in the Aizè site, Houeli Gaba, Zoungo, Magnaporthe grisaea corresponded to the dominant pathogenic species in the Zaloko site, Aizè, Docomey while Helminthosporium oryzae corresponded to the dominant pathogenic species in the site of Odja Igbagi, Awokpa, Kodé Ague. These differences are likely to be due to climate conditions and the different mode of cultivation between sites also in the use of seeds.Le riz (Oryza sativa L.), est l’une des céréales la plus cultivée au Bénin. Même si le pays est à vocation agricole, l’autosuffisance alimentaire n’a jamais été atteinte, et l’importation du riz est toujours importante chaque année. Pour le riz, les maladies constituent le facteur entraînant la mauvaise qualité et la réduction des récoltes. C’est la raison qui nous amène à réaliser le suivi de la maladie de riz présent au Bénin. L’incidence de la maladie a été évalué par l’observation visuelle des symptômes au champ et l’identité des pathogènes a été confirmée par les tests au laboratoire. Pour cela un échantillonnage a été réalisé dans 6 départements (Mono, Couffo, Ouemé, Plateau, Atlantique, Zou), 9 communes (Zè, Abomey-Calavi, Comé, GrandPopo, Adjohoun, Pobè, Adja Ouéré, Dogbo, Ouinhi) et 12 sites (Awokpa, Docomey, Gative, Matekpo, Kodé-Ague, Gouti, Odja-Igbagi, Houeli-Gaba, Kpodji, Aizè, Zaloko, Zoungo) au Sud du Bénin. Une enquête a été réalisée durant l’échantillonnage pour récolter les informations qui peuvent nous aider à l’identification de l’agent pathogène. L’isolement a été réalisé en utilisant les milieux standards pour champignons (PDA, Farine de riz, Agar-Agar). Les isolats ont été ensuite identifiés par l’observation des colonies sur boite de Pétri, par des observations microscopique des spores et mycéliums. Les symptômes trouvés sont très variés et l’incidence de certains d’entre eux est faible sauf la Cercosporiose et la Pyriculariose sur feuilles. Dans les sites de Gative, Docomey, Kpodji, Matekpo, les symptômes trouvés de la Cercosporiose ne varient pas et l’incidence est proche de 100 %. L’isolement des microorganismes à partir d’échantillons de chacune de ces régions confirme les résultats obtenus dont Cercospora oryzae correspondait à l’espèce pathogène dominante dans le site de Gative, Docomey et Kpodji, Curvularia oryzae correspondait à l’espèce pathogène dominante dans le site de Aizè, Houeli Gaba, Zoungo, Magnaporthe grizaea correspondait à l’espèce pathogène dominante dans le site de Zaloko, Aizè, Docomey tandis que Helminthosporium oryzae correspondait à l’espèce pathogène dominante dans le site de Odja Igbagi, Awokpa, Kodé Ague. Ces différences trouvent probablement leur origine dans les conditions climatiques et le mode de culture différente entre les sites ainsi que dans l’utilisation des semences

EXPERIMENTATION OF AN APPLICATION OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND INVENTORY OF SOYBEAN DISEASES (GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERR.) IN BURKINA FASO

<p>Glycine max (L.) Merr also known as soya or soybean plays an important role in legume production in Burkina Faso. Every year, the country produces an average of 30,000 tonnes of soybean. It is grown for its oilseeds, which are rich in protein, fat, minerals and vitamins, making it an important food and feed crop. In addition, soya production is profitable for growers because it provides a real source of income through marketing operations. The lack of fertile land, adequate rainfall and phytosanitary protection in soya cultivation are not conducive for efficient production. Ignorance and lack of knowledge of the diseases encountered in soya production make it even more difficult to protect the crop, which further limits production.In order to improve knowledge of soybean diseases in Burkina Faso, an inventory of diseases associated with this crop was carried out using a plant pathology diagnostic application. In this study, the Plantix-Crop Doctor application, based on artificial intelligence with deep learning, was used in an Alpha Lattice experimental device. A disease identification form from the  Quebec Agriculture and Agri-Food Research Centre  was used as a reference. Among the diseases identified were Septoria leaf spot, grey leaf spot, anthracnose, bacterial blight, soybean blight, sudden death syndrome, downy mildew, powdery mildew and soybean rust. This list provides a database of soybean diseases that must be controlled by methods that consider environmental protection. The Plantix - your crop doctor application can be relied on to diagnose soybean diseases so that they can be treated at an early stage.</p><p> </p&gt