Sintesis 1-(Benzyloxycarbonyl)-1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane Sebagai Senyawa Antara Untuk Sintesis Senyawa Makromolekul Berbasis Cyclen

Cyclen merupakan senyawa siklik yang mengandung empat atom nitrogen yang tidaktersubstitusi. Senyawa ini dapat dikembangkan menjadi senyawa ligan yang fleksibel dimanaatom-atom hidrogen yang terikat pada keempat atom nitrogen dapat disubstitusi dengangugus-gugus fungsi sesuai kebutuhan. Ligan-ligan turunan cyclen dapat menjadi dasar untukpembuatan senyawa-senyawa makromolekul dan dapat berfungsi sebagai pengenal senyawa(reseptor) atau sebagai senyawa sensor. Preparasi senyawa antara untuk pembuatan ligan-liganberbasis cyclen merupakan suatu tantangan yang lebih menarik dibandingkan dengan homosubstitusi. Dalam penelitian ini telah disíntesis senyawa antara untuk pembuatan ligan berbasiscyclen yakni senyawa 1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane. Spektrum 13CNMRnya menunjukkan bahwa senyawa target hasil sintesis dengan kemurnian yang cukuptinggi. Hal ini sesuai dengan hasil analisis unsur-unsur C, H dan N, dan diperoleh C, 43.22; H,7.45; N, 12.50. C16H29Cl3N4O2•2H2O dengan hasil perhitungan yakni C, 43.40; H, 7.28; N,12.65

SINTESIS BENZILEUGENOL DAN PEMANFAATANNYA SEBAGA1 KOMPONEN MEMBRAN ELEKTRODA SELEKTIF ION (SYNTHESIS OF BENZYL EUGENOL AND ITS UTILIZATION AS MEMBRANE COMPONENT OF ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE)

ABSTRACT Benzyl eugenol was synthesized from benzyl chloride and eugenol in alkaline solution. Analysis of the products was carried out by Gas Chromatograph (GC) and Infra Red (IR), 1H NMR and Mass Spectroscopies (MS). Results of the analysis revealed that the products were benzyl eugenol and its isomer. The product obtained was then utilized as membrane components for ion selective electrode (ISE) and the performance of the membranes were characterized. Results of the study showed that benzyl eugenol may be utilized either for cationic or anionic ISE membrane components. For cationic ISE, benzyl eugenol acts simultaneously as ionophore and plasticizer, which selectively respond ammonium and potassium ions from their interferences, i.e. : sodium, calcium, magnesium, barium, nickel and aluminum ions. The potential response for ammonium and potassium were 51,7 and 51,9 mV/decade, respectively and their respond times at concentration of 10-3M were respectively 230 and 270 s. For anionic ISE, benzyl eugenol can effectively be used as plasticizer for perchloric ion membrane based on TOMA-CI ionophore in PVC. Results of the study suggested that the interaction of membrane phase with anions followed the Hofmeister\u27s series. It was surprising that the selectivity of the membrane using benzyl eugenol as plasticizer was better than that using the common plasticizer such as diocthyl sebacate (DOS) and amyl eugenol. Key words : Ion Selective Electrode, plasticizer, ionophore, benzyl eugeno

Sintesis Metil Ester Nitrat dari Minyak Biji Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L)

Research on the synthesis of methyl ester nitrate from nyamplung seed oil (Calophyllum inophyllum L.). The aims of study are to are to determine the nitrate methyl ester can be synthesized from nyamplung seed oil determine the yield of the transesterification and nitration reaction from nyamplung seed oil. In this study nyamplung seed oil was obtained from pressing nyamplung seeds using a hydraulic press, then the crude oil obtained was subsequently degumming to remove gum. Free oil of the etherified gum then transesterification with methanol. The transesterification results are then titrated and produce nitric methyl esters. Characterization of nitric methyl ester  by spectrophotometer IR shows functional groups C-ONO2, C=C dan C-NO2 at wave number 1635,64 cm-1 1550,77 cm-1 dan 1365, 60 cm-1. The yield of transesterification of nyamplung oil was 64.66% and the nitration yield was 10.6%

SYNTHESIS OF 2-HIDROXYXANTHONE FROM XANTHONE AS A BASIC MATERIAL FOR NEW ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS

Objective: The purpose of this research is to synthesize 2-hydroxyxanthone from xanthone and to evaluate its antiplasmodial activity.Methods: The synthesis of 2-hydroxyxanthone followed the sequence of these synthetic stages, namely: 2-nitroxanthone, 2-aminoxanthone, and 2-hydroxyxanthone. The products were separated by chromatography methods including thin layer chromatography and vacuum liquid chromatography. Compound structures of the isolated products were determined based on their infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. To support these findings, the spectra were also matched to the corresponding data from literatures. The biological properties of the synthetic compound were evaluated toward Plasmodium falciparum 3D7.Results: 2-nitroxanthone was obtained as a brownish-yellow crystal in 69.00% yield with Madhya Pradesh of 181°C. Reduction of 2-nitroxanthone using SnCl2.2H2O/hydrogen chloride produced 2-aminoxanthone as a pale-yellow solid in 60.60% yield. Finally, the desired 2-hydroxyxanthone was achieved by initially reacting 2-aminoxanthone with sodium nitride to produce diazonium salt. Then, hydrolysis of the salt yielded 2-hydroxyxanthone as a white solid in 69.81% yield. Synthesis of 2-hydroxyxanthone from xanthone had an overall yield of38.35%. In vitro antiplasmodial assay against P. falciparum 3D7 showed that the half maximal inhibitory concentration value was 0.44 μg/mL.Conclusions: An antimalarial compound (2-hydroxyxanthone) was successfully synthesized from xanthone in three steps of synthetic reactions, i.e., the formation of 2-nitroxanthone, 2-aminoxanthone, and 2-hydroxyxanthone.Â

New route for synthesis of 3- and 5-caffeoylquinic acids via protected quinic acids

Caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) are a group of the phenylpropanoids produced by certain plant species, which have various biological activities including antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, and others. Several synthetic routes have been developed using quinic acids (QAs) and caffeic acid derivatives as starting materials. In this study, alternative pathways of 3- and 5-CQAs preparation using protected quinic acids are described. Both CQAs were achieved by removal of the protecting groups of compound 9 and 18 with acid hydrolysis using dilute HCl solution. These compounds (9 and 18) are novel, resulted from esterification reaction of diacetyl caffeoyl chloride and protected quinic acids. The hydroxyl groups of quinic acid in this case were protected with 2,2-dimethoxy propane or tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) chloride

Sintesis Ester Asam Sinamat Menggunakan Variasi Katalis Asam

Sintesis ester sinamat dengan mereaksikan asam sinamat dan senyawa-senyawa alkohol telah dilakukan.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kinerja katalis heterogen, nafion, sebagai katalis asam pada sintesis ester-ester sinamat dibandingkan dengan katalis homogen yang lazim digunakan yakni H2SO4 dan p-TsOH. Metode yang digunakan adalah reaksi esterifikasi Fischer yang berlangsung pada suhu 100 oC selama 18 sampai dengan 48 jam. Progres reaksi diikuti menggunakan TLC dan hasil-hasil reaksi dianalisis dengan 1H NMR.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaaan sikloheksanol sebagai pereaksi memberikan hasil yang sangat signifikan ketika menggunakan katalis homogen, baik itu H2SO4 maupun p-TsOH dimana lebih dari 85% produk diperoleh. Dengan menggunakan Nafion, sebagai katalis hanya  31% produk berhasil diperoleh apabila menggunakan kondisi yang sama dengan yang diterapkan saat menggunakan katalis homogen. Pada saat reaksi berlangsung lebih lama yaitu 48 jam hasil reaksi meningkat menjadi 78%. Hal yang menarik adalah ketika fenetil ester digunakan sebagai pereaksi menggantikan sikloheksanol, maka hasil yang diperoleh dari ketiga jenis katalis di atas 90%.Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa Nafion adalah katalis heterogen yang cukup menjanjikan untuk digunakan pada reaksi esterifikasi asam sinamat dan turunannya

Pemanfaatan Kulit Buah Kakao sebagai Antibakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus

The Cocoa pod husk (CPH) is a processed cocoa fruit waste, containing lignocellulosic biomass which can be pyrolysis to produce liquid smoke. The purpose of this study was to obtain antibacterial material from liquid smoke using the CPH pyrolysis method. This research method includes: preparation by drying the CPH raw materials for 5-7 days and then chopping the CPH sample dry. Furthermore, the pyrolysis process is carried out at 385-500 °C with a heating flow rate of 6 °C/min. The liquid smoke crude obtained is filtered and distilled fractionated to produce clearer liquid smoke. Analysis of Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of liquid smoke was carried out by the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) method using gallic acid standards and Ultraviolet-Visible spectrophotometer instruments at maximum wavelength (λmax) 765 nm. The CPH liquid smoke antibacterial test was carried out using a dilution method with variations in liquid smoke concentrations of 5, 7, 10and 15%. The TPC of CPH liquid smoke is 1.035 g / L.The spectrogram analysis of Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS)  of CPH liquid smoke shows the presence of compounds:acetic acid, Methyl glyoxal,Pyridine, 4-methyl- pyridine,  4-[2(methylamino)ethyl]- Phenol.The results of the analysis of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CPH liquid smoke against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were obtained at a concentration of 15%.This study shows that pyrolysis extraction can be used as a technique for obtaining extracts of phenolic compounds from CPH and is promising for safe antibacterial agents.Keywords: CPH, liquid smoke, pyrolysis, Phenolic, antibacterial.Abstrak Kulit buah kakao (KBK) merupakan limbah hasil olahan buah kakao, mengandung biomassa lignoselulosa yang dapat dipirolisis menghasilkan asap cair.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan zat antibakteri dari asap cair dengan metode pirolisis KBK. Metode penelitian ini meliputi: preparasi dengan pengeringan bahan baku KBK selama 5-7 hari kemudian dilakukan pencacahan  sampel KBK kering. Selanjutnya, Proses pirolisis dilakukan pada suhu 385-500°C dengan kecepatan alir pemanasan 6°C/menit.Crude asap cair yang diperoleh difiltrasi dan didestilasi fraksinasi untuk menghasilkan asap cair yang lebih jernih. AnalisisTotal Phenolic Content (TPC) asap cair dilakukan dengan metode Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) menggunakan standar asam galat dan instrumen spektrofotometer Ultraviolet-Visible pada panjang gelombang maksimum (λmaks) 765 nm. Uji antibakteri asap cair KBK dilakukan menggunakan metode dilusi dengan variasi konsentrasi asap cair yaitu 5, 7, 10dan 15%. TPC asap cair KBK sebesar 1,035 g/L.Analisis spectrogram Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) asap cair KBK menunjukkan adanya senyawa: asam asetat, metil glioksal, piridin, 4-metil-piridin, 4-[2(metilamino) etil]-fenol. Hasil analisiskonsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) asap cairKBKterhadap bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus didapatkan pada konsentrasi 15%.Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstraksi pirolisis dapat digunakan sebagai teknik untuk memperoleh ekstrak senyawa fenolik dari CPH dan menjanjikan untuk bahan antibakteri yang aman.Kata kunci: KBK, asap cair, pirolisis, fenolik, antibakteri

Pertumbuhan Dan Adaptasi Biokimia Mangrove Rhizophora apiculata Blume., Pada Media Dengan Kondisi pH (Derajat Keasaman) yang Berbeda

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pH (acidity) on the growth of Rhizophora apiculata Blume mangroves. to determine biochemical adaptation (vitamin C, anthocyanins and tannins). This research was an experimental research. The number of samples set was 9 mangrove seedlings. The data were analyzed by using Kaleidagraph software as well as Ms. Excel software to obtain pH (acidity) relationships between controls and treatments. The results showed that the effect of pH (acidity) obtained the highest average of relative growth rate to plant height, about 0.00475, stem diameter about 0.0147 and leaf area about 0.045; The highest biochemical adaptation of vitamin C, anthocyanins