Caractérisation de l’impact des seuils d’épandage sur la recharge des eaux souterraines : cas des seuils d’épandage de Wedbila au Burkina Faso (résultats préliminaires)

Dans les pays sahéliens semi-arides à arides où les pluies sont rares et concentrées sur une saison, l’Etat accompagne les populations à la réalisation de techniques de mobilisation et rétention d’eau. Parmi ces techniques, des systèmes simples d’épandage des eaux de crues sont mis en place tels que les seuils d’épandage temporaire. Différents des digues de rétention d’eau en général, ces seuils ont été construits au Burkina Faso et permettent d’épandre l’eau lors des crues pour un maximum de temps d’épandage de 24h. Leur effet sur la recharge de la nappe a été analysé en réalisant un suivi de l’état d’humidité du sol, du niveau piézométrique et du niveau d’eau de surface sur une année. Il ressort que les périodes d’épandage ont un effet sur les premiers cm du sol et permettent de contrôler l’humidité des sols durant les périodes sèches entre deux pluies. e. Leur effet est faible sur les horizons en profondeur ainsi que sur la recharge de la nappe souterraine.Caractérisation de l'impact des seuils d'épandage sur la recharge des eaux souterraines dans un contexte de bas-fond aride: application au sous bassin de Nariaré (Burkina Faso)6. Clean water and sanitatio

Mise en évidence de la contribution des seuils d’épandage sur cours d’eau éphémère à la recharge des nappes aquifères au Burkina Faso

peer reviewedDans les vallées d’oueds des zones arides et semi-arides, les Etats mettent en place différentes techniques de conservation des eaux et des sols pour de meilleurs rendements. Parmi ces techniques, les seuils d’épandage qui produisent une inondation temporaire des surfaces latérales en amont et en aval. Ils contribuent à augmenter l’humidité du sol et la recharge locale de la nappe aquifère superficielle. Au Burkina Faso, dans le bassin versant de Wedbila, deux seuils d’épandage sont installés avec une étendue d’épandage de 71 Ha. Pour évaluer leur fonctionnement (recharge de la nappe), des équipements ont été installés. Les teneurs en eau dans le sol ont été corrélées avec les paramètres météorologiques (précipitation, évapotranspiration réelle, eau utile), les périodes d’épandages mais également les niveaux piézométriques mesurés dans différents piézomètres crépinés dans l’aquifère superficiel. Ces mesures permettent de mettre en évidence différents modes d’évolution des teneurs en eau dans la zone non saturée, fonction de la lithologie, de la profondeur de la nappe aquifère et de la lame d’eau stagnante. Les constats montrent une corrélation significative entre la teneur en eau et la pluviométrie. La réponse piézométrique quant à elle, est décalée des pics de teneur en eau s’expliquant probablement par le temps d’infiltration et le type de sols traversés. Les périodes d’épandage offrent une bonne humidification des premiers centimètres du sol. Les mesures faites sur dix (10) mois montrent qu’il faut un temps plus long pour déduire l’impact des seuils sur la recharge de la nappe.Caractérisation de l'impact des seuils d'épandage sur la recharge des eaux souterraines dans un contexte de bas-fonds aride: cas du sous bassin de Nariaré (Burkina Faso)6. Clean water and sanitatio

Hydro-Agricultural Development, Integrated Water Resources Management in Climate Variability and Agricultural Migration Context in the Plandi 2 Sub-Watershed of Upper Mouhoun, Burkina Faso

peer reviewedBurkina Faso is characterised by unfavourable hydrological conditions and the population's need for water to increase. In response, the authorities developed a policy of water resource mobilisation to satisfy the requirement of agropastoral and domestic needs. The Hauts-Bassins region benefited from these developments with the transfer of agro-pastoral populations. Natural resources are subject to anthropic pressure, consequences of the transfer of populations and the spontaneous movements attracted by these developments. The objective of this paper is to analyse the field implementation of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) in the context of pressure on natural resources and climate variability. The methodology combines participatory, spatial and systemic approaches. The sub-watershed shelters a perimeter developed for hydro-agricultural purposes and has received a significant migratory flow of agro-pastoralists looking for "new land" since the 1970s. In 2018, 78.6. Clean water and sanitatio

Nutrition rehabilitation of undernourished children utilizing Spiruline and Misola

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition constitutes a public health problem throughout the world and particularly in developing countries. AIMS: The objective of the study is to assess the impact of an elementary integrator composed of Spiruline (Spirulina platensis) and Misola (millet, soja, peanut) produced at the Centre Medical St Camille (CMSC) of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, on the nutritional status of undernourished children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 550 undernourished children of less than 5 years old were enrolled in this study, 455 showed severe marasma, 57 marasma of medium severity and 38 kwashiorkor plus marasma. We divided the children randomly into four groups: 170 were given Misola (731 ± 7 kcal/day), 170 were given Spiruline plus traditional meals (748 ± 6 kcal/day), 170 were given Spiruline plus Misola (767 ± 5 kcal/day). Forty children received only traditional meals (722 ± 8 kcal/day) and functioned as the control group. The duration of this study was eight weeks. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Anthropometrics and haematological parameters allowed us to appreciate both the nutritional and biological evolution of these children. The rehabilitation with Spiruline plus Misola (this association gave an energy intake of 767 ± 5 kcal/day with a protein assumption of 33.3 ± 1.2 g a day), both greater than Misola or Spiruline alone, seems to correct weight loss more quickly. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that Misola, Spiruline plus traditional meals or Spiruline plus Misola are all a good food supplement for undernourished children, but the rehabilitation by Spiruline plus Misola seems synergically favour the nutrition rehabilitation better than the simple addition of protein and energy intake

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs

Tropical Data: Approach and Methodology as Applied to Trachoma Prevalence Surveys

PURPOSE: Population-based prevalence surveys are essential for decision-making on interventions to achieve trachoma elimination as a public health problem. This paper outlines the methodologies of Tropical Data, which supports work to undertake those surveys. METHODS: Tropical Data is a consortium of partners that supports health ministries worldwide to conduct globally standardised prevalence surveys that conform to World Health Organization recommendations. Founding principles are health ministry ownership, partnership and collaboration, and quality assurance and quality control at every step of the survey process. Support covers survey planning, survey design, training, electronic data collection and fieldwork, and data management, analysis and dissemination. Methods are adapted to meet local context and needs. Customisations, operational research and integration of other diseases into routine trachoma surveys have also been supported. RESULTS: Between 29th February 2016 and 24th April 2023, 3373 trachoma surveys across 50 countries have been supported, resulting in 10,818,502 people being examined for trachoma. CONCLUSION: This health ministry-led, standardised approach, with support from the start to the end of the survey process, has helped all trachoma elimination stakeholders to know where interventions are needed, where interventions can be stopped, and when elimination as a public health problem has been achieved. Flexibility to meet specific country contexts, adaptation to changes in global guidance and adjustments in response to user feedback have facilitated innovation in evidence-based methodologies, and supported health ministries to strive for global disease control targets

Travel burden and clinical presentation of retinoblastoma: analysis of 1024 patients from 43 African countries and 518 patients from 40 European countries

BACKGROUND: The travel distance from home to a treatment centre, which may impact the stage at diagnosis, has not been investigated for retinoblastoma, the most common childhood eye cancer. We aimed to investigate the travel burden and its impact on clinical presentation in a large sample of patients with retinoblastoma from Africa and Europe. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis including 518 treatment-naïve patients with retinoblastoma residing in 40 European countries and 1024 treatment-naïve patients with retinoblastoma residing in 43 African countries. RESULTS: Capture rate was 42.2% of expected patients from Africa and 108.8% from Europe. African patients were older (95% CI -12.4 to -5.4, p<0.001), had fewer cases of familial retinoblastoma (95% CI 2.0 to 5.3, p<0.001) and presented with more advanced disease (95% CI 6.0 to 9.8, p<0.001); 43.4% and 15.4% of Africans had extraocular retinoblastoma and distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis, respectively, compared to 2.9% and 1.0% of the Europeans. To reach a retinoblastoma centre, European patients travelled 421.8 km compared to Africans who travelled 185.7 km (p<0.001). On regression analysis, lower-national income level, African residence and older age (p<0.001), but not travel distance (p=0.19), were risk factors for advanced disease. CONCLUSIONS: Fewer than half the expected number of patients with retinoblastoma presented to African referral centres in 2017, suggesting poor awareness or other barriers to access. Despite the relatively shorter distance travelled by African patients, they presented with later-stage disease. Health education about retinoblastoma is needed for carers and health workers in Africa in order to increase capture rate and promote early referral

The global retinoblastoma outcome study : a prospective, cluster-based analysis of 4064 patients from 149 countries

DATA SHARING : The study data will become available online once all analyses are complete.BACKGROUND : Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer worldwide. There is some evidence to suggest that major differences exist in treatment outcomes for children with retinoblastoma from different regions, but these differences have not been assessed on a global scale. We aimed to report 3-year outcomes for children with retinoblastoma globally and to investigate factors associated with survival. METHODS : We did a prospective cluster-based analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed between Jan 1, 2017, and Dec 31, 2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years. Patients were recruited from 260 specialised treatment centres worldwide. Data were obtained from participating centres on primary and additional treatments, duration of follow-up, metastasis, eye globe salvage, and survival outcome. We analysed time to death and time to enucleation with Cox regression models. FINDINGS : The cohort included 4064 children from 149 countries. The median age at diagnosis was 23·2 months (IQR 11·0–36·5). Extraocular tumour spread (cT4 of the cTNMH classification) at diagnosis was reported in five (0·8%) of 636 children from high-income countries, 55 (5·4%) of 1027 children from upper-middle-income countries, 342 (19·7%) of 1738 children from lower-middle-income countries, and 196 (42·9%) of 457 children from low-income countries. Enucleation surgery was available for all children and intravenous chemotherapy was available for 4014 (98·8%) of 4064 children. The 3-year survival rate was 99·5% (95% CI 98·8–100·0) for children from high-income countries, 91·2% (89·5–93·0) for children from upper-middle-income countries, 80·3% (78·3–82·3) for children from lower-middle-income countries, and 57·3% (52·1-63·0) for children from low-income countries. On analysis, independent factors for worse survival were residence in low-income countries compared to high-income countries (hazard ratio 16·67; 95% CI 4·76–50·00), cT4 advanced tumour compared to cT1 (8·98; 4·44–18·18), and older age at diagnosis in children up to 3 years (1·38 per year; 1·23–1·56). For children aged 3–7 years, the mortality risk decreased slightly (p=0·0104 for the change in slope). INTERPRETATION : This study, estimated to include approximately half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017, shows profound inequity in survival of children depending on the national income level of their country of residence. In high-income countries, death from retinoblastoma is rare, whereas in low-income countries estimated 3-year survival is just over 50%. Although essential treatments are available in nearly all countries, early diagnosis and treatment in low-income countries are key to improving survival outcomes.The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust and the Wellcome Trust.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/homeam2023Paediatrics and Child Healt

Gouvernance participative des ressources en eau des ouvrages hydrauliques : cas écoles de l’allocation de l’eau dans trois sous bassins versants au Burkina Faso

peer reviewedBurkina Faso, a Sahelian country, has integrated water resource mobilization into its development programs to ensure food security and meet the other freshwater needs of the population. Following the droughts of the 1970s and 1980s, the surface water resources mobilization has been at the center of rural development programs. The issues and challenges surrounding the water resources of these hydraulic works are multiple. The reorientation of the uses of these structures by the populations, the pressure on water due to the increase in needs, the various interests of users, the degradation of the structures and their water resources often lead to conflictual relations between users. In response, Burkina Faso has adopted Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM), one of which aims is to reconcile differences between users by involving them in water resource management and breaking with sectoral management. This document analyses the governance of water resources and hydraulic structures in the IWRM context. The approach developed is systemic. The interviews carried out in the field have highlighted a water governance still embryonic and in particular allocation models around the structures. IWRM needs the commitment of all the actors as well as robust allocation models that are quite distinct according to the challenges of each sub-basin.2. Zero hunger6. Clean water and sanitatio

ANALYSE DES PARAMETRES HYDRODYNAMIQUES DE L’AQUIFERE DU SOUS BASSIN DE NARIARE AU BURKINA FASO

Le Burkina Faso est confronté aux conditions climatiques extrêmes et se trouve en tête de bassin hydrographique. Le pays dépend essentiellement des précipitations pour ses besoins en eau pour tous les secteurs de développement. La majorité des eaux de surface du Burkina ne sont pas pérennes. Les ressources en eaux souterraines sont plus sollicitées mais peu connues. Comprendre l’hydrodynamisme des aquifères du socle (80% du pays) est un apport dans la connaissance de la ressource pour une gestion rationnelle et durable. Le bassin de Nariaré d’une superficie de 994 km 2 , à cheval entre les régions du centre et du centre-sud, a été choisi pour analyser les paramètres hydrodynamiques des aquifères. Il appartient au climat tropical soudanien avec une pluviométrie moyenne de 721 mm par an. Des essais de pompage ont été réalisés en complément aux données fournies par le ministère de l’eau et de l’assainissement. Au total vingt un (21) fiches d’essais de pompage ont été analysées. Les valeurs de la transmissivité T de la nappe sont comprises entre 2,29*E-06 et 2,36*E -03 m 2/s . Celles de la conductivité hydraulique K sont entre 4,55865*E-08 m/s et 2,961*E-05 m/s. Le coefficient d’emmagasinement est compris entre 3,96*E-07 et 1,73*E-02 . Les venues d'eau sont rencontrées au niveau des granites et les filons de quartz de la zone d’étude selon les fiches techniques de forages consultés. La profondeur des forages et l’épaisseur des altérites varient respectivement de 44,75 à 61,05 m et de 10 à 30 m. Les aquifères du bassin ont une productivité relativement faible.6. Clean water and sanitatio