15 research outputs found
Evidence for conservation in antigen gene sequences combined with extensive polymorphism at VNTR loci
Theileria parva is a tick‐transmitted apicomplexan protozoan parasite that infects lymphocytes of cattle and African Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer), causing a frequently fatal disease of cattle in eastern, central and southern Africa. A live vaccination procedure, known as infection and treatment method (ITM), the most frequently used version of which comprises the Muguga, Serengeti‐transformed and Kiambu 5 stocks of T. parva, delivered as a trivalent cocktail, is generally effective. However, it does not always induce 100% protection against heterologous parasite challenge. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of T. parva in target cattle populations is therefore important prior to extensive vaccine deployment. This study investigated the extent of genetic diversity within T. parva field isolates derived from Ankole (Bos taurus) cattle in south‐western Uganda using 14 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) satellite loci and the sequences of two antigen‐encoding genes that are targets of CD8+T‐cell responses induced by ITM, designated Tp1 and Tp2. The findings revealed a T. parva prevalence of 51% confirming endemicity of the parasite in south‐western Uganda. Cattle‐derived T. parva VNTR genotypes revealed a high degree of polymorphism. However, all of the T. parva Tp1 and Tp2 alleles identified in this study have been reported previously, indicating that they are widespread geographically in East Africa and highly conserved
Towards a multidisciplinary approach to improve cattle health and production in Uganda.
A meeting and course supported by the Vice-Presidency for International Affairs of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and the National Agricultural Research Organization of Uganda (NARO) were held at the National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI) in Nakyesasa, Wakiso, Uganda on September 2-9, 2019. The activities were conducted within the collaboration program between the Institute of Game and Wildlife Research (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Spain) and NARO for the development of vaccines and other interventions for the control of cattle ticks in Uganda
Occurrence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotypes in Uganda and Tanzania (2003 to 2015): A Review and Implications for Prospective Regional Disease Control
This research article published by the Journal of Agricultural Science, 2020Endemic foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) presents a global economic challenge to the livestock industry. The
progressive control pathway for FMD (PCP-FMD) specifies successive steps through which a country/region can
reduce FMD virus circulation and impact. These steps are reliant on understanding and obtaining knowledge on
FMD epidemiology, to inform development of appropriate disease interventions like vaccination and quarantine
programs. Currently, Uganda and Tanzania are in the early stages of the PCP-FMD.
This review was undertaken to determine FMDV serotype distribution in Uganda and Tanzania between 2003
and 2015. The paper also presents the vaccine strains used in both countries for the same period viz avis the
circulating topotypes. The review highlights four (O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2) and five (O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 and
SAT 3) serotypes that occurred in Uganda and Tanzania respectively in the thirteen year period. Observations
revealed that reported circulating serotypes O and A in the two countries belonged to similar topotypes, East
African 2 (EA-2) and AFRICA respectively. The SAT 1 viruses in Tanzania belonged to topotype I and differed
from the Ugandan SAT 1s that belonged to topotype IV. Similarly, the SAT 2s in both countries belonged to
different topotypes: IV in Tanzania and I in Uganda. This review additionally, underscores the spatial distribution
of FMDV serotypes in Uganda and Tanzania and highlights regions in both countries that had high serotype
diversity.
The paper recommends definitive disease diagnoses, molecular serotype characterisation and matched
vaccination deployment for improved disease control
SamBada in Uganda: landscape genomics study of traditional cattle breeds with a large SNP dataset
Since its introduction, landscape genomics has developed quickly with the increasing availability of both molecular and topo-climatic data. Current challenges involve processing large numbers of models and disentangling selection from demography. Several methods address the latter, either by estimating a neutral model from population structure or by inferring simultaneously environmental and demographic effects. Here we present Sam!ada, an integrated software for landscape genomic analysis of large datasets. This tool was developed in the framework of NextGen with the objective of characterising traditional Ugandan cattle breeds using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) data
Monitoring the Subolesin Vaccine Field Trial for Safer Control of Cattle Ticks Amidst Increasing Acaricide Resistance in Uganda
A collaboration program was established between the group of Health and Biotechnology
(SaBio) of the IREC Institute of Game and Wildlife Research (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Spain) and the
National Agricultural Research Organization of Uganda (NARO) for the development of vaccines
for the control of cattle ticks in Uganda. Controlled pen trials identified a tick protective antigen,
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Subolesin, and a cross-species-effective vaccine formulation. As the next
step, a controlled vaccine field trial has been approved by Ugandan state regulatory authorities, the
Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCST) and the National Drug Authority
(NDA), to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of the vaccine formulation for the control of cattle
tick infestations under field conditions. The results of this trial may lead to the approval of the
vaccine for application in Uganda to improve cattle health and production while reducing the use
of acaricides.Se estableció un programa de colaboración entre el grupo de Sanidad y Biotecnología
(SaBio) del Instituto de Investigación de la Caza y la Fauna Silvestre (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, España) y la
Organización Nacional de Investigación Agrícola de Uganda (NARO) para el desarrollo de vacunas
para el control de las garrapatas del ganado en Uganda. Los ensayos controlados en corral identificaron un antígeno protector de las garrapatas,
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Subolesin, y una formulación de vacuna eficaz para todas las especies.
Como siguiente paso, las autoridades reguladoras del estado ugandés, el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Uganda, han aprobado un ensayo controlado de campo de la vacuna.
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Uganda (UNCST) y la Autoridad Nacional de Medicamentos
(NDA), para evaluar la eficacia y efectividad de la formulación de la vacuna para el control de las infestaciones de garrapatas en el ganado.
infestaciones por garrapatas en condiciones de campo. Los resultados de este ensayo pueden conducir a la aprobación de la vacuna
de la vacuna para su aplicación en Uganda, con el fin de mejorar la salud y la producción del ganado y reducir el uso de acaricidas.
de acaricidas
Perception of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases Worldwide
In this comprehensive review study, we addressed the challenge posed by ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) with growing incidence affecting human and animal health worldwide. Data and perspectives were collected from different countries and regions worldwide, including America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. The results updated the current situation with ticks and TBD and how it is perceived by society with information bias and gaps. The study reinforces the importance of multidisciplinary and international collaborations to advance in the surveillance, communication and proposed future directions to address these challenges
Combining landscape genomics and ecological modelling to investigate local adaptation of indigenous Ugandan cattle to East Coast fever
East Coast fever (ECF) is a fatal sickness affecting cattle populations of eastern, central, and southern Africa. The disease is transmitted by the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, and caused by the protozoan Theileria parva parva, which invades host lymphocytes and promotes their clonal expansion. Importantly, indigenous cattle show tolerance to infection in ECF-endemically stable areas. Here, the putative genetic bases underlying ECF-tolerance were investigated using molecular data and epidemiological information from 823 indigenous cattle from Uganda. Vector distribution and host infection risk were estimated over the study area and subsequently tested as triggers of local adaptation by means of landscape genomics analysis. We identified 41 and seven candidate adaptive loci for tick resistance and infection tolerance, respectively. Among the genes associated with the candidate adaptive loci are PRKG1 and SLA2. PRKG1 was already described as associated with tick resistance in indigenous South African cattle, due to its role into inflammatory response. SLA2 is part of the regulatory pathways involved into lymphocytes' proliferation. Additionally, local ancestry analysis suggested the zebuine origin of the genomic region candidate for tick resistance
Towards a multidisciplinary approach to improve cattle health and production in Uganda
A meeting and course supported by the Vice-Presidency for International Affairs of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and the National Agricultural Research Organization of Uganda (NARO) were held at the National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI) in Nakyesasa, Wakiso, Uganda on September 2–9, 2019. The activities were conducted within the collaboration program between the Institute of Game and Wildlife Research (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Spain) and NARO for the development of vaccines and other interventions for the control of cattle ticks in Uganda.The meeting and course were supported by the Vice-Presidency for International Affairs of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) of Spain and the National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) of Uganda. The publication of this manuscript was supported by the Vice-Presidency for International Affairs of CSIC, Spain.Peer reviewe
Vaccination with recombinant subolesin antigens provides cross-tick species protection in Bos indicus and crossbred cattle in Uganda
Cattle tick infestations and transmitted pathogens affect animal health, production and welfare with an impact on cattle industry in tropical and subtropical countries. Anti-tick vaccines constitute an effective and sustainable alternative to the traditional methods for the control of tick infestations. Subolesin (SUB)-based vaccines have shown efficacy for the control of multiple tick species, but several factors affect the development of new and more effective vaccines for the control of tick infestations. To address this challenge, herein we used a regional and host/tick species driven approach for vaccine design and implementation. The objective of the study was to develop SUB-based vaccines for the control of the most important tick species (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. decoloratus and Amblyomma variegatum) affecting production of common cattle breeds (Bos indicus and B. indicus x B. taurus crossbred) in Uganda. In this way, we addressed the development of anti-tick vaccines as an intervention to prevent the economic losses caused by ticks and tick-borne diseases in the cattle industry in Uganda. The results showed the possibility of using SUB antigens for the control of multiple tick species in B. indicus and crossbred cattle and suggested the use of R. appendiculatus SUB to continue research on vaccine design and formulation for the control of cattle ticks in Uganda. Future directions would include quantum vaccinology approaches based on the characterization of the SUB protective epitopes, modeling of the vaccine E under Ugandan ecological and epidemiological conditions and optimization of vaccine formulation including the possibility of oral administration.This research was mainly funded by the National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) of Uganda. The Vice-presidency for International Affairs of Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) of Spain provided additional funds.Peer reviewe
Inspiring Anti-Tick Vaccine Research, Development and Deployment in Tropical Africa for the Control of Cattle Ticks: Review and Insights
Ticks are worldwide ectoparasites to humans and animals, and are associated with numerous health and economic effects. Threatening over 80% of the global cattle population, tick and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) particularly constrain livestock production in the East, Central and Southern Africa. This, therefore, makes their control critical to the sustainability of the animal industry in the region. Since ticks are developing resistance against acaricides, anti-tick vaccines (ATVs) have been proposed as an environmentally friendly control alternative. Whereas they have been used in Latin America and Australia to reduce tick populations, pathogenic infections and number of acaricide treatments, commercially registered ATVs have not been adopted in tropical Africa for tick control. This is majorly due to their limited protection against economically important tick species of Africa and lack of research. Recent advances in various omics technologies and reverse vaccinology have enabled the identification of many candidate anti-tick antigens (ATAs), and are likely to usher in the next generation of vaccines, for which Africa should prepare to embrace. Herein, we highlight some scientific principles and approaches that have been used to identify ATAs, outline characteristics of a desirable ATA for vaccine design and propose the need for African governments to investment in ATV research to develop vaccines relevant to local tick species (personalized vaccines). We have also discussed the prospect of incorporating anti-tick vaccines into the integrated TTBDs control strategies in the sub-Saharan Africa, citing the case of Uganda