Kooperativität vs. Rationalität

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Transaktionen anstelle von Tauschakten: Einleitung in eine Revision ökonomischer Theorie

Die moderne Ökonomik ist in ihrem Kern immer noch tauschtheoretisch begründet. Die Bemühungen der Neuen Institutionenökonomik für eine transaktionstheoretische Fundierung sind auf halbem Wege stehengeblieben (Fokussierung von Kosten bei gegebenen Nutzen; keine spezifisch transaktionsbasierte Markttheorie, nur eine theory of the firm und institutional change aus wirtschaftshistorischer Perspektive). Wir werden die Konzepte 'Tausch' und 'Transaktion' voneinander abgrenzen und daraufhin die ökonomischen Implikationen von 'Vertrag' (inklusive 'Verhandlung'), 'Geld', 'Institution', 'rational choice', 'Interaktion'; und 'Kommunikation' neu bestimmen. --

Effects on intensi ve care unit clinical course of non-invasie mechanical ventilation in inhalation injury

AMAÇ: İnhalasyon hasarı akut akciğer hasarıdır ve mortaliteyi artırır. İleri derecede akut solunum yetmezliği olan hastalara sıklıkla entübasyon ve invaziv mekanik ventilasyon (İMV) desteği gerekmekte, ancak bu yöntem trakeal stenoz, ventilatör ilişkili pnömoni, barotravma gibi komplikasyonlara neden olabilmektedir. Hafif/orta derecede hasarda ise klasik medikal destek tedaviler uygulanmakta, solunum yetmezliğinin ilerlemesi durumunda invaziv yöntemlere başvurulmaktadır. Son çalışmalarda hafif/orta derecede hasarı olan hastalarda erken dönem noninvaziv mekanik ventilasyon uygulamasının, invaziv yöntem gereksinimini azalttığı gösterilmiştir. GEREÇ ve YÖNTEM: Çalışmamızda klasik medikal tedavi (MT) yöntemleri ile bu yöntemlerle birlikte uyguladığımız noninvaziv mekanik ventilasyonun (NIMV) yoğun bakım ünitesinde iyileşme sürecine etkilerini değerlendirdik. BULGULAR: NIMV'un MT'ye göre entübasyon ve re-entübasyon gereksinimini azalttığı ve iyileşme sürecini anlamlı olarak azalttığı gözlenmiştir (p < 0.05). SONUÇ: Erken dönemde başlanan NIMV desteğinin İMV gereksinimini azaltmada, maske ile oksijenasyonun önleyemediği atelektazi gelişimini ve hipoksiyi önlemede, klinik ve yanık iyileşme süreçlerini kısaltmada etkin ve güvenilir bir yöntem olduğunu söyleyebiliriz

Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Adsorption of Reactive Red 120 on Chitin

Chitin is a natural compound that can be extracted from various organisms that is used in various applications from medicine to environmental applications. In this study, effect of chitin is followed for adsorption of reactive red 120 textile dye from water at different conditions such as pH, initial concentration of dye, ionic strength, initial concentration of chitin, effect of temperature, effect of contact time. Characterization of the adsorption were recorded by Fourier Transform Infrared FT-IR spectroscopy

Comparison of bioelectrical impedance and the other methods used for diagnosis of obesity

Several methods are being used for the diagnostic evaluation of obesity. Body mass index (BMI) is the most commonly used method. Various other methods such as waist circumference, waist/hip ratio and skinfold thickness measurements are also of use. Bioelectrical impedance is an easy and non-invasive method that provides a reliable estimate of total body fat and fat free mass. The purpose of this study was to make a comparative evaluation of these various methods. 140 patients (age: 41.8±11.8 yr) admitted to the hospital for obesity were included in the study. Body mass index, waist circumference, waist/hip ratio and skinfold thickness measurements at biceps, triceps and subscapular regions were evaluated. Body fat ratio and fat mass were measured with bioelectrical impedance. Mean body mass index was 35.5±5.4 kg/m . Sum of skinfold thickness of triceps and subscapular region was found to be increased in 116 patients (82.8%) and normal in 24 patients (17.1%). While the waist/hip ratio was found to be increased in 71 patients (50.7%); in 8 patients (5.7%) were within normal range, 22 patients (15.7%) showed increased risk and 107 patients (76.4%) had high risk according to weist circumference. Body fat ratio with bioelectric impedance was evaluated as normal in 8 patients (5.7%), borderline in 9 patients (6.4%) and high in 123 patients (87.9%). Body fat ratio with bioelectric impedance correlated with body mass index, waist circumference and skinfold thickness (p0.05). We conclude that body mass index and bioelectric impedance are important methods in the diagnosis of obesity, and the use of waist circumference in addition to these methods to evaluate the abdominal obesity may also be useful.Obezitenin değerlendirilmesinde çeşitli yöntemler kullanılmaktadır. En yaygın kullanılan yöntem vücut kitle indeksidir, ayrıca, bel çevresi, bel/kalça oranı ve deri kıvrımı kalınlıkları ölçümü gibi çeşitli yöntemler de kullanılmaktadır. Biyoelektrik impedans yöntemi de uygulanması kolay, invaziv olmayan bir yöntemdir ve yağ kitlesi ve yağsız kitlenin değerlendirilmesini sağlar. Bu çalışmada obezite tanısında kullanılan yöntemlerin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Kilo fazlalığı nedeniyle başvuran 140 hasta (ortalama yaş: 41.8±11.8 yıl) çalışmaya alındı. Hastaların vücut kitle indeksleri (VKı) hesaplandı, biseps, triseps ve skapula altı bölgelerinde deri kıvrımı kalınlıkları, bel ve kalça çevreleri ölçüldü, bel/kalça oranları hesaplandı. Biyoelektrik impedans yöntemi ile vücudun yağ oranı ve yağ kitlesi ölçüldü. Vücut kitle indeksi ortalama 35.5±5.4 kg/m bulundu.Triseps ve skapula altı ölçümlerinin toplamı 116 hastada (%82.8) artmış, 24 hastada (%17.1) normal bulundu. Bel/kalça oranı hastaların 71'inde (%50.7) artmış bulunurken, bel çevresi 8 hastada (%5.7) normal, 22 hastada (%15.7) artmış risk düzeyinde, 107 hastada ise (%76.4) yüksek risk düzeyinde bulundu. Biyoelektrik impedans yöntemi ile elde edilen vücut yağ oranı 8 hastada (%5.7) normal, 9 hastada (%6.4) sınırda yüksek ve 123 hastada (%87.9) yüksek bulundu. Biyoelektrik impedans ile yağ oranı ölçümü sonuçlarının VKı ile, bel çevresi ile ve deri kıvrımı kalınlıkları ile korele olduğu (p<0.001), bel kalça oranı ile ise korele olmadığı (p>0.05) saptandı. Çalışmada elde edilen veriler, vücut kitle indeksi ve biyoelektrik impedans yöntemlerinin obezite tanısında değerli olduğunu, abdominal obeziteyi değerlendirmek için de bel çevresi ölçümünün bu yöntemlerle birlikte kullanılmasının yararlı olacağını düşündürmektedir

Faunistic Composition, Ecological Properties and Zoogeographical Composition of the Family Elateridae (Coleoptera) of the Central Anatolian Region of Turkey

The focus of this study was to understand the faunistic composition, ecological properties and zoogeographical composition of Elateridae (Coleoptera) of the Central Anatolian region. 72 species belonging to seven subfamilies and 25 genera were identified. The major part of the Elateridae fauna of the Central Anatolian region is formed by the subfamilies Elaterinae and Cardiophorinae. The genus Cardiophorus was the most species-rich genus. The species composition of the Elateridae fauna of the Central Anatolian region is partially consistent with known Elateridae fauna of Turkey. The Central Anatolian region shares most species with the European part of the Western Palaearctic as does the Elateridae fauna of Turkey. Detailed localities of nine species are given for the first time for Turkey, with emphasis on the Central Anatolian region

Pediatric Acupuncture: A Review of Clinical Research

Practiced in China for more than 2000 years, acupuncture has recently gained increased attention in the United States as an alternative treatment approach for a variety of medical conditions. Despite its growing prevalence and anecdotal reports of success among pediatric populations, few empirically based studies have assessed the efficacy of acupuncture for children and adolescents. This article presents a review of the current literature, including a systematic appraisal of the methodological value of each study and a discussion of potential benefits and adverse effects of acupuncture. While acupuncture holds great promise as a treatment modality for diverse pediatric conditions, a significant amount of additional research is necessary to establish an empirical basis for the incorporation of acupuncture into standard care

How might acupuncture work? A systematic review of physiologic rationales from clinical trials

BACKGROUND: Scientific interest in acupuncture has led numerous investigators to conduct clinical trials to test the efficacy of acupuncture for various conditions, but the mechanisms underlying acupuncture are poorly understood. METHODS: The author conducted a PubMed search to obtain a fair sample of acupuncture clinical trials published in English in 2005. Each article was reviewed for a physiologic rationale, as well as study objectives and outcomes, experimental and control interventions, country of origin, funding sources and journal type. RESULTS: Seventy-nine acupuncture clinical trials were identified. Twenty-six studies (33%) offered no physiologic rationale. Fifty-three studies (67%) posited a physiologic basis for acupuncture: 33 (62% of 53) proposed neurochemical mechanisms, 2 (4%) segmental nervous system effects, 6 (11%) autonomic nervous system regulation, 3 (6%) local effects, 5 (9%) effects on brain function and 5 (9%) other effects. No rationale was proposed for stroke; otherwise having a rationale was not associated with objective, positive or negative findings, means of intervention, country of origin, funding source or journal type. The dominant explanation for how acupuncture might work involves neurochemical responses and is not reported to be dependent on treatment objective, specific points, means or method of stimulation. CONCLUSION: Many acupuncture trials fail to offer a meaningful rationale, but proposing a rationale can help investigators to develop and test a causal hypothesis, choose an appropriate control and rule out placebo effects. Acupuncture may stimulate self-regulatory processes independent of the treatment objective, points, means or methods used; this would account for acupuncture's reported benefits in so many disparate pathologic conditions