Many Labs 5:Testing pre-data collection peer review as an intervention to increase replicability

Replication studies in psychological science sometimes fail to reproduce prior findings. If these studies use methods that are unfaithful to the original study or ineffective in eliciting the phenomenon of interest, then a failure to replicate may be a failure of the protocol rather than a challenge to the original finding. Formal pre-data-collection peer review by experts may address shortcomings and increase replicability rates. We selected 10 replication studies from the Reproducibility Project: Psychology (RP:P; Open Science Collaboration, 2015) for which the original authors had expressed concerns about the replication designs before data collection; only one of these studies had yielded a statistically significant effect (p < .05). Commenters suggested that lack of adherence to expert review and low-powered tests were the reasons that most of these RP:P studies failed to replicate the original effects. We revised the replication protocols and received formal peer review prior to conducting new replication studies. We administered the RP:P and revised protocols in multiple laboratories (median number of laboratories per original study = 6.5, range = 3?9; median total sample = 1,279.5, range = 276?3,512) for high-powered tests of each original finding with both protocols. Overall, following the preregistered analysis plan, we found that the revised protocols produced effect sizes similar to those of the RP:P protocols (?r = .002 or .014, depending on analytic approach). The median effect size for the revised protocols (r = .05) was similar to that of the RP:P protocols (r = .04) and the original RP:P replications (r = .11), and smaller than that of the original studies (r = .37). Analysis of the cumulative evidence across the original studies and the corresponding three replication attempts provided very precise estimates of the 10 tested effects and indicated that their effect sizes (median r = .07, range = .00?.15) were 78% smaller, on average, than the original effect sizes (median r = .37, range = .19?.50)

Poor clinical outcome for meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae serotype A strains containing the IS1016-bexA deletion

Submitted by Martha Silveira Berbert ([email protected]) on 2012-11-14T19:54:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima Josilene et al.pdf: 1281768 bytes, checksum: 8f3d780dd2627af3074616cd65ffd73e (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-14T19:54:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima Josilene et al.pdf: 1281768 bytes, checksum: 8f3d780dd2627af3074616cd65ffd73e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilSecretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia. Hospital Couto Maia. Salvador, BA, BrasilImperial College London. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology. London, UKFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilUniversidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Farmácia. Salvador, BA, Brasilince the introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines, meningitis caused by serotypes other than Hib has gained in importance. We conducted active hospital-based surveillance for meningitis over an 11-year period in Salvador, Brazil. H. influenzae isolates were serotyped and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and DNA sequencing to identify strains with a specific deletion (IS1016) in the bexA gene (IS1016-bexA). We identified 43 meningitis cases caused by non-type b H. influenzae: 28 (65%) were caused by type a (Hia), 9 (21%) were caused by noncapsulated strains, and 3 (7%) each were caused by types e and f. Hia isolates clustered in 2 clonal groups; clonal group A strains (n = 9) had the IS1016-bexA deletion. Among children <5 years of age, meningitis caused by Hia from clonal group A had higher case-fatality than meningitis caused by clonal group B. Despite small numbers, these results indicate that the presence of the IS1016-bexA deletion is associated with enhanced virulence in non-type b H. influenzae

Burden of group A streptococcal meningitis in Salvador, Brazil: report of 11 years of population-based surveillance

Submitted by Martha Silveira Berbert ([email protected]) on 2011-04-20T18:34:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Burden of group A streptococcal meningitis in Salvador.pdf: 426953 bytes, checksum: e728f78772f4f202022957c95634701d (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2011-04-20T18:34:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Burden of group A streptococcal meningitis in Salvador.pdf: 426953 bytes, checksum: e728f78772f4f202022957c95634701d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia, Hospital Couto Maia, Salvador, Brazil.Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia, Hospital Couto Maia, Salvador, Brazil.Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Salvador, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.Division of International Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.Over recent decades, a resurgence of invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infections has been observed; GAS remains a rare cause of pyogenic meningitis. We report herein population-based findings of long-term surveillance for GAS meningitis in Salvador, Brazil, and estimate the overall burden of invasive GAS infections.From February 1996 to February 2007 we conducted active surveillance for GAS meningitis in the state reference hospital for infectious diseases in Salvador, Brazil. Data on clinical presentation, laboratory records, and outcome were collected through interviews and chart review. GAS isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility and emm type.We identified 20 cases of GAS meningitis, which accounted for 0.9% of all culture-proven bacterial meningitis in the study period. The mean annual incidence of GAS meningitis was 0.03 cases per 100,000 population in metropolitan Salvador and peaked in children <1 year of age (0.67 cases per 100,000 population). Among 17 cases with clinical information available, 41% required intensive care unit support and 25% died. Tested isolates were susceptible to penicillin and exhibited large emm type diversity. Based on the incidence of GAS meningitis, we estimate that the annual incidence of GAS infection is 3 cases per 100,000 population in metropolitan Salvador.Although rare, GAS is a life-threatening cause of bacterial meningitis. Knowledge of the incidence and emm type variability of the disease is necessary for planning immunization strategies