2,005 research outputs found
The behavioural aspect of green technology investments: A general positive model in the context of heterogeneous agents
This is the final version. Available on open access from Elsevier via the DOI in this recordStudies report that firms do not invest in cost-effective green technologies. While economic barriers can explain parts of the gap, behavioural aspects cause further under-valuation. This could be partly due to systematic deviations of decision-making agentsâ perceptions from normative benchmarks, and partly due to their diversity. This paper combines available behavioural knowledge into a simple model of technology adoption. Firms are modelled as heterogeneous agents with different behavioural responses. To quantify the gap, the model simulates their investment decisions from different theoretical perspectives. While relevant parameters are uncertain at the micro-level, using distributed agent perspectives provides a realistic representation of the macro adoption rate. The model is calibrated using audit data for proposed investments in energy efficient electric motors. The inclusion of behavioural factors reduces significantly expected adoption rates: from 81% using a normative optimisation perspective, down to 20% using a behavioural perspective. The effectiveness of various policies is tested.German National Academic FoundationEngineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC
A computational framework for thermal coupling in hybrid fire simulation
In structural fire engineering, it is crucial to estimate the global structural behavior in a realistic scheme. This necessity arises from the reason that the single element testing doesnât represent the global behavior of the structure correctly due to the possible load redistribution into alternative load paths and change of static systems in case of global fire. Therefore, hybrid simulation method can be accounted as a key method, which fulfills the possibility of study of the global structural behavior in structure with coupling the numerical simulation and experimental testing. In this method, the numerical simulation procedure of the whole structure is coupled and controlled with the outcomes of the experiment performed on a single part of the structure, which is critical or difficult to study numerically. So far, several attempts have been made to study hybrid fire simulation. There, however, exist severe shortcomings in so-far research: - the correct consideration of the stiffness and material properties for the heated element and their degradation during fire exposure, - retaining the compatibility and the equilibrium between the substructures, - the automatic real-time interaction between the substructures and also - realistic consideration of the thermal coupling between substructures with regard to the transfer of the heat from fire exposed component to adjacent elements. In hybrid fire simulation, the thermo-mechanical coupling can be studied realistically, when the heat exposed to the single compartment, its transfer to the adjacent substructures and the effect of two latter on the mechanical response of the structure is considered. In the current paper, this purpose is studied on a steel structure benchmark with two different approaches: sequentially-coupled thermal-stress analysis and fully-coupled thermal-stress analysis. Here, the mathematical and mechanical aspects of each approach and their difference regarding the response of the structure will be investigated. Also, their application in the hybrid fire simulation and the importance of the real-time issue in these approaches are outlined. In this paper, the numerical model of the intended benchmark which interacts automatically with another numerical model, representing the experimental substructure exposed to fire is studied. Therefore, the implementation of hybrid fire simulation and different aspects of the thermal coupling including the existence of heat transfer and mechanical and thermal properties will be discussed
Rayleigh and depinning instabilities of forced liquid ridges on heterogeneous substrates
Depinning of two-dimensional liquid ridges and three-dimensional drops on an
inclined substrate is studied within the lubrication approximation. The
structures are pinned to wetting heterogeneities arising from variations of the
strength of the short-range polar contribution to the disjoining pressure. The
case of a periodic array of hydrophobic stripes transverse to the slope is
studied in detail using a combination of direct numerical simulation and
branch-following techniques. Under appropriate conditions the ridges may either
depin and slide downslope as the slope is increased, or first breakup into
drops via a transverse instability, prior to depinning. The different
transition scenarios are examined together with the stability properties of the
different possible states of the system.Comment: Physics synopsis link:
http://physics.aps.org/synopsis-for/10.1103/PhysRevE.83.01630
The Stability of Magnetized Rotating Plasmas with Superthermal Fields
During the last decade it has become evident that the magnetorotational
instability is at the heart of the enhanced angular momentum transport in
weakly magnetized accretion disks around neutron stars and black holes. In this
paper, we investigate the local linear stability of differentially rotating,
magnetized flows and the evolution of the magnetorotational instability beyond
the weak-field limit. We show that, when superthermal toroidal fields are
considered, the effects of both compressibility and magnetic tension forces,
which are related to the curvature of toroidal field lines, should be taken
fully into account. We demonstrate that the presence of a strong toroidal
component in the magnetic field plays a non-trivial role. When strong fields
are considered, the strength of the toroidal magnetic field not only modifies
the growth rates of the unstable modes but also determines which modes are
subject to instabilities. We find that, for rotating configurations with
Keplerian laws, the magnetorotational instability is stabilized at low
wavenumbers for toroidal Alfven speeds exceeding the geometric mean of the
sound speed and the rotational speed. We discuss the significance of our
findings for the stability of cold, magnetically dominated, rotating fluids and
argue that, for these systems, the curvature of toroidal field lines cannot be
neglected even when short wavelength perturbations are considered. We also
comment on the implications of our results for the validity of shearing box
simulations in which superthermal toroidal fields are generated.Comment: 24 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ. Sections 2 and
5 substantially expanded, added Appendix A and 3 figures with respect to
previous version. Animations are available at
http://www.physics.arizona.edu/~mpessah/research
Vortices in Thin, Compressible, Unmagnetized Disks
We consider the formation and evolution of vortices in a hydrodynamic
shearing-sheet model. The evolution is done numerically using a version of the
ZEUS code. Consistent with earlier results, an injected vorticity field evolves
into a set of long-lived vortices, each of which has a radial extent comparable
to the local scale height. But we also find that the resulting velocity field
has a positive shear stress, . This effect appears
only at high resolution. The transport, which decays with time as t^-1/2,
arises primarily because the vortices drive compressive motions. This result
suggests a possible mechanism for angular momentum transport in low-ionization
disks, with two important caveats: a mechanism must be found to inject
vorticity into the disk, and the vortices must not decay rapidly due to
three-dimensional instabilities.Comment: 8 pages, 10 figures (high resolution figures available in ApJ
electronic edition
Localized transverse bursts in inclined layer convection
We investigate a novel bursting state in inclined layer thermal convection in
which convection rolls exhibit intermittent, localized, transverse bursts. With
increasing temperature difference, the bursts increase in duration and number
while exhibiting a characteristic wavenumber, magnitude, and size. We propose a
mechanism which describes the duration of the observed bursting intervals and
compare our results to bursting processes in other systems.Comment: 4 pages, 8 figure
Cellulite and extracorporeal Shockwave therapy (CelluShock-2009) - a Randomized Trial
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cellulite is a widespread problem involving females' buttocks and thighs based on the female specific anatomy. Given the higher number of fat cells stored in female fatty tissue in contrast to males, and the aging process of connective tissue leads to an imbalance between lipogenesis and lipolysis with subsequent large fat cells bulging the skin. In addition, microcirculatory changes have been suggested, however remain largely unknown in a controlled clinical setting. We hypothesize that the combination of extracorporeal shockwave and a daily gluteal muscle strength program is superior to the gluteal muscle strength program alone in cellulite.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>Study design: Randomized-controlled trial. IRB approval was granted at Hannover Medical School, Germany on May 22, 2009. For allocation of participants, a 1:1 ratio randomization was performed using opaque envelopes for the concealment of allocation. Reporting: according to CONSORT 2010. Eligible patients were females aged 18 or over and 65 or younger with cellulite with documented cellulite 1°-4° according to the NĂŒrnberger score. Exclusion criteria were suspected or evident pregnancy, no cellulite, no informed consent or age under 18 years or above 65 years. Patients were recruited by advertisements in local regional newspapers and via the Internet. Analysis: Intention-to-treat. Outcome parameters: a) Photonumeric severity scale, b) NĂŒrnberger Score, c) circumference measurements, d) capillary blood flow, e) tissue oxygen saturation, f) postcapillary venous blood flow. Intervention group: Six sessions of extracorporeal focused shock wave for six sessions (2000 impulses, 0,25 mJ/m2 every 1-2 weeks) at both gluteal and thigh regions plus a specific gluteal strength exercise training. Control group: Six sessions of sham extracorporeal focused shock wave for six sessions (2000 impulses, 0,01 mJ/m2 every 1-2 weeks) at both gluteal and thigh regions plus a specific gluteal strength exercise training. Follow-up: 12 weeks. Blinding was achieved for all participants enrolled in the trial, the photograph taking the digital images for the primary outcome measure, the two assessors of the outcome measures, all additional health care providers and for the analyst from the biometrical department. Only one researcher (BJ) was aware of the group assignment performing the randomisation and the extracorporeal shock wave therapy.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>This randomised-controlled trial will provide much needed evidence on the clinical effectiveness of focused extracorporal shock wave therapy as an adjunct to gluteal strength training in females suffering cellulite.</p> <p>ClinicalTrials.gov identifier</p> <p>NCT00947414</p
Modelling innovation and the macroeconomics of low-carbon transitions: theory, perspectives and practical use
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Taylor & Francis (Routledge) via the DOI in this record.Energy and climate policies may have significant economy-wide impacts, which are regularly assessed based on quantitative energy-environment-economy models. These tend to vary in their conclusions on the scale and direction of the likely macroeconomic impacts of a low-carbon transition. This paper traces the characteristic discrepancies in modelsâ outcomes to their origins in different macro-economic theories, most importantly their treatment of technological innovation and finance. We comprehensively analyse the relevant branches of macro-innovation theory and group them into two classes: âEquilibriumâ and âNon-equilibriumâ. While both approaches are rigorous and self-consistent, they frequently yield opposite conclusions for the economic impacts of low-carbon policies. We show that model outcomes are mainly determined by their representations of monetary and finance dimensions, and their interactions with investment, innovation and technological change. Improving these in all modelling approaches is crucial for strengthening the evidence base for policy making and gaining a more consistent picture of the macroeconomic impacts of achieving emissions reductions objectives. The paper contributes towards the ongoing effort of enhancing the transparency and understanding of sophisticated model mechanisms applied to energy and climate policy analysis. It helps tackle the overall âblack boxâ critique, much-cited in policy circles and elsewhere
An hydrodynamic shear instability in stratified disks
We discuss the possibility that astrophysical accretion disks are dynamically
unstable to non-axisymmetric disturbances with characteristic scales much
smaller than the vertical scale height. The instability is studied using three
methods: one based on the energy integral, which allows the determination of a
sufficient condition of stability, one using a WKB approach, which allows the
determination of the necessary and sufficient condition for instability and a
last one by numerical solution. This linear instability occurs in any inviscid
stably stratified differential rotating fluid for rigid, stress-free or
periodic boundary conditions, provided the angular velocity decreases
outwards with radius . At not too small stratification, its growth rate is a
fraction of . The influence of viscous dissipation and thermal
diffusivity on the instability is studied numerically, with emphasis on the
case when (Keplerian case). Strong
stratification and large diffusivity are found to have a stabilizing effect.
The corresponding critical stratification and Reynolds number for the onset of
the instability in a typical disk are derived. We propose that the spontaneous
generation of these linear modes is the source of turbulence in disks,
especially in weakly ionized disks.Comment: 19 pages, 13 figures, to appear in A&
Chaotic magnetic field reversals in turbulent dynamos
We present direct numerical simulations of reversals of the magnetic field
generated by swirling flows in a spherical domain. In agreement with a recent
model, we observe that coupling dipolar and quadrupolar magnetic modes by an
asymmetric forcing of the flow generates field reversals. In addition, we show
that this mechanism strongly depends on the value of the magnetic Prandtl
number.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure
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