Characteristics of wind pressures on large cantilevered roofs: Effect of roof inclination

Wind pressure distributions on both surfaces of a cantilevered roof are measured on a wind tunnel model. The investigation covers a down-sloping roof configuration at -5° roof angle and two up-sloping roof configurations of roof angles 5° and 10°. The results supplement an earlier study made on a horizontal roof. The wind pressure pattern on the upper surface of an up-sloping roof suggests that there exists a preferred mode of flow separation on that surface. The pattern shows two localized regions of high suction, which are separately located towards the two ends of the roof span. On the up-sloping roofs, this pressure pattern is observed in the time-averaged mean distribution as well as during the occurrence instant of a peak total uplifting force on the roof. On the horizontal roof, this particular pattern of flow separation is not obviously observed in the time-averaged mean wind pressure pattern but is revealed by the conditional sampling technique which captures the wind pressure distribution during the generation of a peak uplifting force on the roof. The wind pressure signals are analysed to study the characteristics of the total wind force on the roof and also the wind forces on individual roof surfaces. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.postprin

Occurence of peak lifting actions on a large horizontal cantilevered roof

Wind tunnel tests are performed on a rigid model of a horizontal grandstand roof. The objective is to investigate the generation mechanism of wind pressure and peak lifting actions on a large cantilevered roof. The roof model is 780 mm wide, 150 mm deep and is equipped with 78 pairs of pressure taps covering both roof surfaces. With an electronic pressure scanning system, wind pressures at these 156 taps are measured in a near-simultaneous manner. Time histories of the wind forces on both roof surfaces and of the net wind force on the entire roof are obtained from the simultaneous pressure signals. These force signals are analyzed statistically to investigate the mechanism of peak lift forces. The conditional sampling technique is used to extract the wind pressure pattern on the lower and upper roof surfaces when a large total uplift is occurring on the roof. It is found that the occurences of peak lift and peak moments on the roof are connected with large lifting actions on both roof surfaces. Differences between the conditionally sampled pressure pattern and the time-averaged mean pressure pattern are observed and discussed. A study is made on the overestimation of net roof pressure if it is assumed to be the worst combination of peak pressures simultaneously occuring on both roof surfaces. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.postprin

Wind-induced loading and dynamic responses of a row of tall buildings under strong interference

This paper studies wind-induced interference effects on a row of five square-plan tall buildings arranged in close proximity. Mean and fluctuating wind loads are measured on each building member and wind-induced dynamic responses of the building are estimated with the high-frequency force-balance technique. The modifications of building responses from interference over a practical range of reduced velocities are represented by an envelope interference factor. Wind tunnel experiments and response analysis are carried out under all possible angles of wind incidence, at four different building separation distances, and for two arrangement patterns of buildings in the row, that is the parallel and diamond patterns. It is found that building interference leads to amplified dynamic responses in many cases but reduction in responses also occurs at some wind incidence. For a building row of the parallel pattern, five distinct wind incidence sectors of different levels and mechanisms of interference effect can be identified. The largest values of envelope interference factors can reach 2.4 for the torsional responses. When the row of tall buildings is arranged in the diamond pattern, increase in wind excitation occurs at many wind angles due to a "wind catchment" effect. The interference factors have larger peak values, reaching 2.1 in the sway directions and above 4 in torsion. However, all large amplifications of building responses do not occur in the situations of peak resonant dynamic responses of the single isolated building. Thus, the design values of peak dynamic responses of a tall building are not significantly magnified when placed in a row. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.postprin

Computation of dynamic wind-induced interferencein a row of tall buildings

The article can be viewed at: http://wgy091.ust.hk:8080/document/HKWE1papers.pdfSection B: Numerical simulation and theoretical analysisLarge-eddy simulation is applied to compute the dynamic wind loads on three tall buildings arranged closely in a row. The computed values and spectra of along-wind and across-wind forces on the buildings reproduces reasonably the dynamic interference effects observed in the wind tunnel, despites the use of a simple model of turbulence characteristics of the incident wind flow.published_or_final_versio

Optical characteristics of GAN/SI micro-pixel light-emitting diode arrays

Two-dimensional arrays of emissive micro-light-emitting diodes (μ-LEDS) have been developed for a variety of applications such as high resolution micro-displays, maskless photo-lithography and multichannel visible-light optical communications amongst others. μ-LEDs have traditionally been fabricated on InGaN LED wafers grown on transparent sapphire substrates, and have suffered from optical crosstalk issues. When a single pixel is addressed, adjacent pixels and regions appear illuminated simultaneously. Such problems could result in functional failure in high-density μ-LED applications, including reduced resolution of micro-display and decreased signal-to-noise ratio in ...postprin

An H5N1-based matrix protein 2 ectodomain tetrameric peptide vaccine provides cross-protection against lethal infection with H7N9 influenza virus

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Adsorption and Dissociation of a Bicyclic Tertiary Diamine, Triethylenediamine, on a Si(100)-2 x 1 Surface

This study investigates the adsorption and thermal transformations of a bicyclic tertiary amine, triethylenediamine, on the clean Si(100)-2 × 1 surface. Below room temperature, triethylenediamine adsorption leads to the formation of a strong dative bond between one of the nitrogen atoms of this compound and the silicon surface. In contrast to previously studied amines, the datively adsorbed triethylenediamine features a second tertiary amine entity that is not bonded to the surface, with a lone pair orbital that is directed away from the surface and is available for further reactions. The thermal chemistry and electronic properties of triethylenediamine on silicon are studied using thermal desorption spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure measurements are utilized to clarify the geometry of the adsorbates at room temperature. Density functional theory calculations are used to describe the binding geometry and electronic properties of the resulting surface species and the likely reaction paths at elevated temperatures

CAR-Net: Clairvoyant Attentive Recurrent Network

We present an interpretable framework for path prediction that leverages dependencies between agents' behaviors and their spatial navigation environment. We exploit two sources of information: the past motion trajectory of the agent of interest and a wide top-view image of the navigation scene. We propose a Clairvoyant Attentive Recurrent Network (CAR-Net) that learns where to look in a large image of the scene when solving the path prediction task. Our method can attend to any area, or combination of areas, within the raw image (e.g., road intersections) when predicting the trajectory of the agent. This allows us to visualize fine-grained semantic elements of navigation scenes that influence the prediction of trajectories. To study the impact of space on agents' trajectories, we build a new dataset made of top-view images of hundreds of scenes (Formula One racing tracks) where agents' behaviors are heavily influenced by known areas in the images (e.g., upcoming turns). CAR-Net successfully attends to these salient regions. Additionally, CAR-Net reaches state-of-the-art accuracy on the standard trajectory forecasting benchmark, Stanford Drone Dataset (SDD). Finally, we show CAR-Net's ability to generalize to unseen scenes.Comment: The 2nd and 3rd authors contributed equall