1,202 research outputs found
Bioaccumulation surveillance in Milford Haven Waterway
Biomonitoring of contaminants (metals, organotins, PAHs, PCBs) was
carried out along the Milford Haven Waterway (MHW) and at a reference site in the
Tywi Estuary during 2007-2008. The species used as bioindicators encompass a
variety of uptake routes - Fucus vesiculosus (dissolved contaminants); Littorina
littorea (grazer); Mytilus edulis and Cerastoderma edule (suspension feeders); and
Nereis diversicolor (omnivore which often reflects contaminants in sediment).
Differences in feeding strategy and habitat preference have subtle implications for
bioaccumulation trends though, with few exceptions, contaminant body burdens in
Milford Haven (MH) were higher than those at the Tywi reference site, reflecting
inputs.
Elevated concentrations of metals were occasionally observed at individual MH sites,
whilst As and Se (molluscs and seaweed) were, for much of MHW, consistently at the
higher end of the UK range. However, for the majority of metals, distributions in MH
biota were not exceptional by UK standards. Several metal-species combinations
indicated increases in bioavailability at upstream sites, which may reflect the
influence of geogenic or other land-based sources – perhaps enhanced by lower
salinity (greater proportions of more bioavailable forms).
TBT levels in MH mussels were below OSPAR toxicity thresholds and in the Tywi
were close to zero. Phenyltins were not accumulated appreciably in Mytilus, whereas
some Nereis populations may have been subjected to localized (historical) sources.
PAHs in Nereis tended to be evenly distributed across most sites, but with somewhat
higher values at Dale for acenaphthene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene and
chrysene; naphthalenes tended to be enriched further upstream in the mid-upper
Haven (a pattern seen in mussels for most PAHs). Whilst concentrations in MH
mussels were mostly above reference site and OSPAR backgrounds, it is unlikely that
ecotoxicological guidelines would be exceeded.
PCBs in mussels were between upper and lower OSPAR guidelines and were unusual
in their distribution in that highest levels occurred at the mouth of MH.
Condition indices (CI) of bivalves (mussels and cockles) were highest at the Tywi
reference site and at the seaward end of MH, decreasing upstream along the
Waterway. There were a number of significant (negative) relationships between CI
and body burdens and multivariate analysis indicated that a combination of
contaminants could influence the pattern in condition (and sub-lethal responses such
as MT and TOSC) across sites. Cause and effect needs to be tested more rigorously in
future assessments
Surface reactivity of tributyl thiophosphate: effects of temperature and mechanical stress
The surface reactivity of tributyl thiophosphate on iron surfaces has been studied in situ by attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and temperature-programmed reaction and desorption spectroscopies. The results show that at temperatures lower than 373K the molecule forms a physisorbed layer on the iron substrate. At 373K a reaction takes place with the formation of an organic layer, together with iron polyphosphate and sulfate. At higher temperatures temperature-programmed desorption results suggest that the mechanism involves P-O bond scission to yield butoxy groups. This could be preceded by P=S bond scission to give tributyl phosphite, which then, in turn, undergoes P-O bond scission to produce butoxy groups. The results obtained following tribological testing are in agreement with those of thermal tests: evidence of polyphosphate and sulfate formation is foun
Enhanced Luminescence of InGaN / GaN Vertical Light Emitting Diodes with an InGaN Protection Layer
We have investigated the effectiveness of a thin n-In0.2Ga0.8N layer inserted in the bottom n-GaN layer
of InGaN/GaN blue light emitting diodes (LEDs) for the protection of multiple quantum wells during the
laser lift-off process for vertical LED fabrication. The photoluminescence properties of the InGaN/GaN
lateral LEDs are nearly identical irrespective of the existence of the n-In0.2Ga0.8N insertion layer in the
bottom n-GaN layer. However, such an insertion is found to effectively increase the photoluminescence
intensity of the multiple quantum well and the carrier lifetime of the vertical LEDs. These improvements
are attributed to the reduced defect generations in the vertical LEDs during the laser lift-off process due to
the presence of the protection layer.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3521
Giant and reversible inverse barocaloric effects near room temperature in ferromagnetic MnCoGeB0.03
Hydrostatic pressure represents an inexpensive and practical method of driving caloric effects in brittle magnetocaloric materials, which display first-order magnetostructural phase transitions whose large latent heats are traditionally accessed using applied magnetic fields. Here, moderate changes of hydrostatic pressure are used to drive giant and reversible inverse barocaloric effects near room temperature in the notoriously brittle magnetocaloric material MnCoGeB0.03. The barocaloric effects compare favorably with those observed in barocaloric materials that are magnetic. The inevitable fragmentation provides a large surface for heat exchange with pressure-transmitting media, permitting good access to barocaloric effects in cooling devices.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft
Polarization Entangled W State using Parametric Down-Conversion
An experimental scheme for preparing a polarization entangled W states from
four photons emitted by parametric down-conversion is proposed. We consider two
different configurations and a method of improving the yield by using single
photon sources. In the proposed scheme, one uses only linear optical elements
and photon detectors, so that this scheme is feasible by current technologies.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
D-Brane Effective Actions and Particle Production near the Beginning of the Tachyon Condensation
In this paper we will study the quantum field theory of fluctuation modes
around the classical solution that describes tachyon condensation on unstable
D-brane.We will calculate the number of particle produced near the beginning of
the rolling tachyon process. We will perform this calculation for different
tachyon effective actions and we will find that the rate of the particle
production strongly depends on the form of the effective action used for the
description of the early stage of the tachyon condensation.Comment: 21 page
Spectral properties of XRBs in dusty early-type galaxies
We present spectral properties of a total of 996 discrete X-ray sources
resolved in a sample of 23 dusty early-type galaxies selected from different
environments. The combined X-ray luminosity function of all the 996 sources
within the optical \D of the sample galaxies is well described by a broken
power law with a break at 2.71\te \lum and is close to the Eddington
limit for a 1.4\Msun neutron star. Out of the 996, about 63\p of the sources
have their X-ray luminosities in the range between few\tim\ts to 2.0 \tim \tn
\lum and are like normal LMXBs; about 15-20\p with luminosities few \tim
10 \lum are either super-soft or very-soft sources; while the remainder
represents ULXs, HMXBs or unrelated heavily absorbed harder sources. More XRBs
have been detected in the galaxies from isolated regions while those from rich
groups and clusters host very few sources. The X-ray color-color plot for these
sources has enabled us to classify them as SNRs, LMXBs, HMXBs and heavily
absorbed AGNs. The composite X-ray spectra of the resolved sources within \D
region of each of the galaxies are best represented by a power law with the
average photon spectral index close to 1.65. The contribution of the resolved
sources to the total X-ray luminosity of their host is found to vary greatly,
in the sense that, in galaxies like NGC 3379 the XRB contribution is about 81\p
while for NGC 5846 it is only 2\p. A correlation has been evidenced between the
cumulative X-ray luminosity of the resolved sources against the star formation
rate and the Ks band luminosity of the target galaxies indicating their
primordial origin.Comment: 15 Pages, 6 Figures & 2 Tables, Accepted for publication in New
Astronom
On some congruence properties of elliptic curves
In this paper, as a result of a theorem of Serre on congruence properties, a
complete solution is given for an open question (see the text) presented
recently by Kim, Koo and Park. Some further questions and results on similar
types of congruence properties of elliptic curves are also presented and
discussed.Comment: 11 pages, The title is changed. Thanks to a result of J.-P. Serre
from his letter on June 15, 2009 to the author, a complete solution for an
open question of Kim, Koo and Park is obtained in this fifth revised version.
Some related questions and results are also presented and discusse
On open superstring partition function in inhomogeneous rolling tachyon background
We consider open superstring partition function Z on the disc in
time-dependent tachyon background T= f(x_i) e^{m x_0} where the profile
function f depends on spatial coordinates. We compute Z to second order in
derivatives of f and compare the result with some previously suggested
effective actions depending only on the first derivatives of the tachyon field.
We also compute the target-space stress-energy tensor in this background and
demonstrate its conservation in the ``on-shell'' case of the linear profile f=
f_0 + q_i x_i corresponding to a marginal perturbation. We comment on the role
of the rolling tachyon with linear spatial profile in the decay of an unstable
D-brane.Comment: 32p, latex, v2: introduction revised to expand and correct comments
on the paper by Kutasov and Niarchos, v3: corrected typos and formulas in
section 4, final version to appear in JHE
Rotational degree-of-freedom synthesis: An optimised finite difference method for non-exact data
Measuring the rotational dynamic behaviour of a structure is important for many areas of dynamics such as passive vibration control, acoustics, and model updating. Specialist and dedicated equipment is often needed, unless the rotational degree-of-freedom is synthesised based upon translational data. However, this involves numerically differentiating the translational mode shapes to approximate the rotational modes, for example using a finite difference algorithm. A key challenge with this approach is choosing the measurement spacing between the data points, an issue which has often been overlooked in the published literature.
The present contribution will for the first time prove that the use of a finite difference approach can be unstable when using non-exact measured data and a small measurement spacing, for beam-like structures. Then, a generalised analytical error analysis is used to propose an optimised measurement spacing, which balances the numerical error of the finite difference equation with the propagation error from the perturbed data. The approach is demonstrated using both numerical and experimental investigations. It is shown that by obtaining a small number of test measurements it is possible to optimise the measurement accuracy, without any further assumptions on the boundary conditions of the structure
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